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Comprehensive DD on $CTYX: The OTC Biotech Stock of the Decade That Is Being Slept On
[Connectyx (OTC-PINK: CTYX). Will change to Curative Biotechnology with ticker $CURB in Q1 2021.] I posted this on pennystocks yesterday. Full Disclosure: I have a $6k initial position in this stock at a cost average of $.06. The stock is now at $0.155 (as of 2/6/21) with my position at $15.5k and movement is just starting. I am not a financial advisor. I am simply a broke graduate student interested in investing and fucking retiring early. This post represents my personal views and should not be taken as financial advice. Do your own damn research and stop pumping your hard-earned cash into trending stocks on Reddit posts that are nothing but hype, rocket emojis, and a mob chat jerking each other off. Also, not a doctor! The medical content below should never be a substitute for professional medical advice. With that said, $CTYX is going to fucking Pluto 🚀🚀🚀🚀🚀🚀 🌑 Price Target: $0.5 by May 1, 2021; $1.25 - $3.00 (~10x) within 2 years with credible potential to be listed on NASDAQ. This company is absolutely solid on all sides: healthy financials, an experienced & reliable management team, favorable market conditions with a reasonable business model, a solid lineup of products in its pipeline, and many large announcements anticipated within the next 3 months. Simply put, there is extreme asymmetric upside. $CTYX or Connectyx was taken over by its current team led by CEO Paul Michaels around Feb 2020. Within a year, this CEO has kept every promise he's made and established the infrastructure for growth. The company specializes in bringing orphan drugs (more on this below) through clinical trials and then to market. Paul and his team have decades of experience in big pharma, biotech research, finance, and drug licensing/development (in-depth description in the Management Team section below). They've vetted 3 promising drug candidates in under a year and promised to start clinical trials by mid-2022. If any one of these pass phase 1/2 trials, the market cap grows by hundreds of millions. They also have a reasonable chance to obtain a Priority Review Voucher (PRV) from the FDA that is worth $100-$300M from their strategic picks. They have a clean balance sheet, acquired non-dilute bridge financing while putting these drugs through trials, and have plans of additional deals in the near future. Why orphan drugs? Orphan drugs are therapeutics that treat rare diseases (defined as illnesses affecting less than 200k Americans per year). From the Orphan Drug Act, there are multiple incentives given by the government to develop orphan drugs: (1) significant tax credits (2) longer market exclusivity after approval (3) waiver of certain FDA fees (4) easier & faster approval process. In 2019, the global orphan drug market is estimated to be valued at $151B. By 2027, this is projected to reach $340.84B (10% compounded annual growth). This the cornerstone of their business model. By gathering a group of experts, they can cheaply vet high potential candidates to add to their development pipeline and then commercialize them from reduced fees as well as fast-track benefits from the FDA. So why the hell is it call Connectyx? It is just the old name of a software services company which the team acquired. The company has filed for a name change that will be granted within the next 2 weeks to Curative Biotechnology Inc. with a new ticker $CURB. In addition, the CEO himself has hinted at an uplisting to $OTCQB (a certification upgrade from current pink sheet status), mergeacquisition announcements, and $100M in non-dilutive funding. The official FINRA announcement of the name change will be the catalyst for the additional news. Some quick notes about the charts. The 15x jump in the past couple of months is only the beginning. There is a clear trend of resistance breakthroughs and medium-term consolidation after each announcement. Volatility is low, the number of outstanding shares is small, and there is limited dilutive potential for an OTC. Let's dive deeper into this hidden gem. All-Star Management Team CEO Paul Michaels Curative BioTech lucked out with a CEO with 25 years of experience in investment banking with a focus on life sciences. Paul has an impressive record, starting as the Executive Vice President and board member of Global Capital Group (a Wall Street wealth management firm). He also got extensive experience in big Pharma through Inabata & Co. Ltd, a subsidiary of a large Japanese drug company, Sumitomo Chemical Group, which totaled $21.8B in revenue in 2013 and employs over 30k people. While serving as Inabata's CFO, Paul licensed American drugs (some from Gilead) for the Asian market. After, the guy helped create Nobelpharma, an orphan drug company, which licenses drugs for rare diseases and got over $35M in initial capital. In February 2020, Paul took over Connectyx (a software services company at the time) and made it an orphan drug company. It is extremely rare for pink-sheet companies to have such high-caliber, established talent as a leader: decades of experience with finance and leadership positions in multi-billion dollar pharmaceutical companies. He helped build up Inabata and Nobelpharam (both thriving today), and I am confident in his ability to do it again with Connectyx. VP Communications Pam Bisikirski Recently, Curative announced Pam as the new Vice President of Communications. She previously served as the director of marketing of National Vision for 21 years. National Vision ($EYE) is a huge optical retail, eye care, and eye-ware company that is trading near a $4B market cap on NASDAQ. Scientific Advisory Board Dr. Michael Grace [news] - Ph.D. in Biochemistry and BS in Chemistry from the University of Nebraska. 30 years of experience in BioPharma with top roles in names like Procter & Gamble, Schering-Plough, Bristol-Myers Squibb, NPS Pharma, and Advaxis Immunotherapies. Lead 6 products to registration and commercialization. Dr. Ronald Bordens [news] - Ph.D. in Biotechnology with over 26 publications and over 2000 citations. 40 years in biotech and big pharma in research & development. Had a fruitful 26-year career at Schering-Plough Research. Richard Garr [news] - Serves as Director and CEO as well as President of Neuralstem Inc. (now Seneca Biopharma, Inc. which is listed on NASDAQ as $SNCA) for 20 years. Advocate for right to try treatments in the US and Europe. Founded Access Hope CRO (contract research organization) which dedicates itself to this cause. Was founder and current Board Member of the First Star Foundation Mid-Atlantic chapter which focuses on ill children (including pediatric brain cancer). Robust Drug Pipeline Keep in mind this company became a biotech firm in Feb 2020 and they already have 3 drugs in the pipeline along with exclusive rights licenses. Insane. 1) IMT504 immune therapy to treat late-stage rabies. (11/23/2020 Announcement implies IMT504 rabies license deal is complete) Strategic relationship with Mid-Atlantic BioTherapeutics, Inc. announced on 8/27/2020. Acquired all rights for development of this patented immunotherapy to treat late-stage rabies (a disease with 100% fatality rate after the treatable period, [kills 59k](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6613553/#:~:text=about this topic%3F-,Each year%2C rabies causes approximately 59%2C000 deaths worldwide%2C including approximately,of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP).).)) globally per year). Now, the value of this may not be in the drug approval itself (although passing trials would be a huge asset of course). The value is the potential in CTYX obtaining a Priority Review Voucher (PRV). These coupons are handed out by the FDA each year to incentivize research into rare diseases. Exercising the coupon means diminishing the approval process from 10 months to 6 after trials. Further, you can freely sell these on a secondary market to other companies! Historically, these have been sold between $100M to $300M each. If obtained, this is an instant 2x-6x increase to its current $50M market cap. There's more.. notice that the FDA has added Rabies to its PRV-eligible tropical diseases list. Currently, there is only a handful of rabies therapies being researched. This means there's actually a good chance of CYTX getting rewarded a voucher, despite the relatively low count of vouchers distributed annually. PRVs are also possible for all other drugs in the pipeline. 2) CURB906 monoclonal antibody cytotoxic conjugate for the treatment of Glioblastoma. (10/16/2020 NIH gives a grant of license for worldwide rights) The second license was filed near July 2020 for a novel monoclonal antibody conjugate to treat brain cancer. Glioblastomas are aggressive brain tumors with poor survival rates in children. Recent studies (e.g. s1, s2) have shown different combinations of chemo-therapy and antibody-drug conjugate (ADCs) therapeutics were effective in both mice and human models. ADCs are innovative methods that attach a cytotoxic compound (one meant to kill cancer cells) to an antibody that specifically attaches to certain cancer cell receptors, thus delivering therapies to their targets. There is great promise and lots of potential in these therapeutics. Exclusive Evaluation and Commercialization Option License Agreement with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has been granted. 3) Metformin repurposed to treat retinal degeneration. (2/4/2021 NIH gives a grant of license for worldwide rights) This is probably the ace in the hole and the largest reason behind the recent stock surge. On 2/4/2021, CTYX announced they received an NIH grant for exclusive worldwide rights to adapt a diabetes drug, Metformin, to treat retinal degeneration. Not only is Metformin proven safe (it is a widely used drug to treat Type1 Diabetes since 1995), there are many studies (e.g. s1, s2, s3) that hint at its effectiveness for retinal diseases. The recently granted license not only covers pediatric retinal generation (in the form of Stargardt Disease), it covers treatment in adults as well and includes macular degeneration. This promising treatment potentially covers 2/3 of the US population (2/3 of Americans are pre-diabetic, 1/10 are diabetic, and 11 million have some form of macular degeneration; why care about diabetes? diabetes causes retinopathy). Huge Upcoming Announcements The announced name change is the opening of the flood gates for all upcoming news. Additional licenses, uplistings, and deals with be done under the new company name. Expect many of these announcements following FINRA approval. These are some forward-looking implications:
(Within 2 weeks) FINRA approval of name change to Curative Biotechnology Inc. and ticker $CURB.
(Within weeks of name change) Following the name change, there will be an uplisting to OTCQB. OTCQB is a tier up from Pink Sheets and must adhere to stricter management certifications, undergo annual audits, and are more stringent in their financial reporting. Connectyx is currently working to become fully reporting OTCQB; to that end, the Company appointed Jonathan D. Leinwand, PA as Legal Counsel.
(Within weeks of name change) Talk of multiple upcoming drugs (if the Metformin announcement was one of them, we should see at least one more).
(Within weeks of name change) Hints at $100M of non-dilutive funding for clinical trials.
(Within months of name change) Mergers, acquisitions, and partnerships with other firms for licensing and commercialization.
Downsides Before we get ahead of ourselves and dream about retiring in 3 months while riding this into space, we gotta ground ourselves and discuss the downsides. Remember: in life, there are no solutions, only tradeoffs. There are always downsides and risks. Risk 1) This is currently a pink sheet. That itself should make you more cautious because there is reduced regulation, more "flexible" rules, and less scrutiny/transparency. Risk 2) High risk, high reward. If all 3 drugs flop (assuming no additional therapeutics are added) and they don't get a PRV (priority review voucher), then this company is worthless. Granted, the chances are low, but still a possibility to consider. Risk 3) Share dilution and raising capital. Because clinical trials often require obscene amounts of capital (~$400M investment for normal drugs), there is a risk that managers might dilute the stock in order to raise money or to take profits in general. There are currently 322M outstanding shares with 1.1B authorized shares. Read the share disclosures, do the math, gauge the risks. Note that orphan drug trials are a lot less costly as well. Risks and unknowns are certainly there. However, the upside potential is too big to ignore. Buy at pennies, sell for dollars. Do the research and take advantage of any dips that might come on Monday from 2 days of green explosions. ------------------------------------------------------------ TL;DR.
You should fucking read it, because this Phoenix has a high probability of rising from ashes to become the OTC stock of the yeadecade with effortless 10x upside in the short-term.
$CTYX will change to $CURB (Curative BioTech) soon. Business strategy: (1) bring together financial experts, veterans in big pharma, accomplished biotech researchers, and world-class grant writers to vet orphan drugs (2) make deals and obtain licenses for these drugs to help get them through clinical trials (3) take advantage of special FDA benefits for orphan drug approval (faster approval process, fee waivers, etc) and commercialize them after with longer exclusive rights.
Finance: company has no problematic debt, clean sheets, non-dilutive funding, and a small number of outstanding shares for an OTC (322M).
Products: 3 promising drug candidates in the pipeline within a year. Multiple exclusive license grants approved by the NIH.
Upcoming Announcements: (1) name change (2) uplisting to $OTCQB from pink sheets (3) more non-dilutive funding (4) additional drug(s) in pipeline (5) mergers, acquisitions, and deals with other pharma companies.
Current market cap: $50M. Upside: (1) +$100M - $300M if awarded a priority review voucher (PRV) (2) +hundreds of millions in market cap if any of the 3 promising drugs goes past phase 2 ~end of 2022 (3) +millions in speculative capital if new drugs are announced in pipeline (4) potential future merger with large pharma or uplisting to NASDAQ (other biotech companies are listed with half the number of products).
The 75 most common math skills from the last 10 ACTs
There’s a lot of math out there. Some things show up all the time on the ACT. Other things don’t. I need to know this information in order to make the questions and question-selection algorithms for Mathchops. So I went through every question from the last 10 ACTs and figured out which skills showed up. Then one of my partners helped me make a Python script and we did a bunch of data analysis. What follows is a list of the 75 most common skills, along with an estimate of how likely they are to appear on your actual test. Guaranteed To Show Up:These have to be rock solid because A) they’ll definitely show up and B) they’ll often be combined with other skills. Fractions – All four operations. Mixed numbers. Average – Also called the arithmetic mean. There is always a basic version and usually an advanced one, like the average sum trick (see below). Probability – Know the basic part:whole versions. There is usually a harder one also (like one with two events). Percents – Know all basic variations. More advanced ones are common also. Exponents – All operations. Fractional and negative exponents are very common too (see below). Linear Equations/Slope – Find the slope when given two points. Be able to isolate y (to create y = mx + b). All the standard stuff from 8th grade Algebra. Solving Equations – Be very comfortable with ax + b = cx + d. Distribute. Combine like terms. You also need to be able to create these equations based on word problems. Picking Numbers – You never have to use this but it will be a useful option on every test. Ratio – Part:part, part:whole. Quadratic skills – Factor. FOIL. Set parenthesis equal to zero. Graph parabolas. Area/Perimeter of basic shapes – Triangles, rectangles, circles. Negatives – Be comfortable with all operations. SOHCAHTOA – Every variation of right triangle trig, including word problems. Plug in answers – Like picking numbers, it’s not required but it’s often helpful. Extremely Likely (> 80% chance): Function shifts – Horizontal shifts, vertical shifts. Stretches. You should recognize y = 2(x+1)^2 - 5 right away and know exactly what to do. Average sum trick – 5 tests, average is 80. After the 6th test, the average is 82. What was 6th test score? MPH – The concept of speed in miles per hour shows up every time. Median – Middle when organized from low to high. Even number of numbers. What happens when you make the highest number higher or the lowest number lower? Radicals – Basic operations. Translate to fractional exponents. System of Equations – Elimination. Substitution. Word problems. Angle chasing – 180 in a line. 180 in a triangle. Corresponding angles. Vertical angles. Time – Hours to minutes, minutes to seconds Pythagorean Theorem – Sometimes asked directly, other times required as part of something else (like SOHCAHTOA or finding the distance between two points). Apply formula – they give you a formula (sometimes in the context of a word problem) and you have to plug stuff in. Composite function – As in g(f(x)). Factoring – Mostly the basics. Almost never involves a leading coefficient. Matrices – Adding, subtracting, multiplying. Knowing when products are possible. Very Likely (> 50% chance): Absolute Value – Sometimes basic arithmetic, sometimes an algebraic equation or inequality. Fractional Exponents – Rewrite radicals as fractional exponents and vice versa. Multistep conversion – For example, they might give you a mph and a cost/gallon and then ask for the total cost. Probability, two events – If there's a .4 probability of rain and a .6 probability of tacos, what is the probability of rain and tacos? Remainders – Can be simple or pattern based, as in “If 1/7 is written as a repeating decimal, what is the 400th digit to the right of the decimal point?” Midpoint – Given two ordered pairs, find the midpoint. Sometimes they’ll give you the midpoint and ask for one of the pairs. Weird shape area – It’s an unusual shape but you can use rectangles and triangles to find the area. Periodic function graph – The basics of sine and cosine graphs (shifts, amplitude, period). Circle equations – (x-h)^2 + (y-k)^2 = r^2. Sometimes you have to complete the square. Negative exponents – Know what they do and how to combine them with other exponents. Shaded area – The classic one has a square with a circle inside. Counting principle – License plate questions. Logarithms – Rewrite in exponential form. Basic operations. Imaginary numbers – Powers of i. What is i^2? The complex plane. LCM – Straight up. In word problems. In algebraic fractions. FOIL – This has to be automatic. Worth Knowing (>25% chance): Ellipses – Know how to graph basic versions. Scientific notation – Go back and forth between standard and scientific notation. All four operations. Vectors – Add, subtract, multiply (scalar), i and j notation. Permutation – You have 5 plants and 3 spots. How many ways can you arrange them? Volume of a prism – Know that the volume = area of something x height. Sometimes the base will be a weird shape. c = product of roots, -b = sum of roots – Use when in x^2 + bx + c form. Usually not required but often helpful. Difference of two squares – (x + y)(x - y) = x^2 - y^2 Arithmetic sequence – Usually asks you to find a specific term, sometimes asks you to find the formula. Law of Cosines – They almost always give you the formula. Then you just have to plug things in. Triangle opposite side rule – There is a relationship between an angle and the side across from that angle? Change the base – If 9^x = 27^5, what is x? Similar triangles – Relate the sides with a proportion. Probability with “or” – 3 reds, 5 blue, 6 green. Probability of picking a red or blue? Probability with “not” – 3 reds, 5 blue, 6 green. Probability of picking one that’s not red? Factors – The basic concept and greatest common factor, with numbers and variables. 30:60:90 – Know the basic relationships. Sometimes required for advanced trig questions. Volume of a cylinder – They’ll usually give it to you but not always. Trapezoid – Usually basic area questions. Domain – Usually you can think of it as “possible x values”. Conjugates – Rationalize denominators that include radicals or imaginary numbers. Know that imaginary roots come in pairs. Exponential Growth/Decay – Be comfortable with this: Final = Initial(1+/- rate)^time. Weighted average – Class A has 8 kids and an average of 70. Class B has 12 kids and an average of 94. What is the combined average of the two classes? Inverse trig – Use right triangle ratios to find angles. Parallelogram – Know that adjacent angles add to 180. Area formula. Use the radius – A circle will be combined with another shape and you have to use the radius to find the essential info about that other shape. Value/frequency charts – They’ll tell you the value and frequency and then ask about mean or median. 3:4:5 – Recognize 3:4:5 right triangle relationships. Algebra LCD – Find the lowest common denominator, then combine the numerators. 5:12:13 – Recognize 5:12:13 right triangle relationships. System of equations with three equations – Usually a word problem. Involves substitution. Compare numbers – Radicals, fractions, decimals, absolute value. Translate points – Images, reflections.
Comprehensive DD on $CTYX: The OTC Biotech Stock of the Decade That Is Being Slept On
[Connectyx (OTC-PINK: CTYX). Will change to Curative Biotechnology with ticker $CURB in Q1 2021.] Full Disclosure: I have a $6k initial position in this stock at a cost average of $.06. The stock is now at $0.155 (as of 2/6/21) with my position at $15.5k and movement is just starting. I am not a financial advisor. I am simply a broke graduate student interested in investing and fucking retiring early. This post represents my personal views and should not be taken as financial advice. Do your own damn research and stop pumping your hard-earned cash into trending stocks on Reddit posts that are nothing but hype, rocket emojis, and a mob chat jerking each other off. Also, not a doctor! The medical content below should never be a substitute for professional medical advice. With that said, $CTYX is going to fucking Pluto 🚀🚀🚀🚀🚀🚀 🌑 Price Target: $0.5 by May 1, 2021; $1.25 - $3.00 (~10x) within 2 years with credible potential to be listed on NASDAQ. This company is absolutely solid on all sides: healthy financials, an experienced & reliable management team, favorable market conditions with a reasonable business model, a solid lineup of products in its pipeline, and many large announcements anticipated within the next 3 months. Simply put, there is extreme asymmetric upside. $CTYX or Connectyx was taken over by its current team led by CEO Paul Michaels around Feb 2020. Within a year, this CEO has kept every promise he's made and established the infrastructure for growth. The company specializes in bringing orphan drugs (more on this below) through clinical trials and then to market. Paul and his team have decades of experience in big pharma, biotech research, finance, and drug licensing/development (in-depth description in the Management Team section below). They've vetted 3 promising drug candidates in under a year and promised to start clinical trials by mid-2022. If any one of these pass phase 1/2 trials, the market cap grows by hundreds of millions. They also have a reasonable chance to obtain a Priority Review Voucher (PRV) from the FDA that is worth $100-$300M from their strategic picks. They have a clean balance sheet, acquired non-dilute bridge financing while putting these drugs through trials, and have plans of additional deals in the near future. Why orphan drugs? Orphan drugs are therapeutics that treat rare diseases (defined as illnesses affecting less than 200k Americans per year). From the [Orphan Drug Act](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Orphan_Drug_Act_of_1983#:~:text=The Orphan Drug Act of,residing in the United States.)), there are multiple incentives given by the government to develop orphan drugs: (1) significant tax credits (2) longer market exclusivity after approval (3) waiver of certain FDA fees (4) easier & faster approval process. In 2019, the global orphan drug market is estimated to be valued at $151B. By 2027, this is projected to reach $340.84B (10% compounded annual growth). This the cornerstone of their business model. By gathering a group of experts, they can cheaply vet high potential candidates to add to their development pipeline and then commercialize them from reduced fees as well as fast-track benefits from the FDA. So why the hell is it call Connectyx? It is just the old name of a software services company which the team acquired. The company has filed for a name change that will be granted within the next 2 weeks to Curative Biotechnology Inc. with a new ticker $CURB. In addition, the CEO himself has hinted at an uplisting to $OTCQB (a certification upgrade from current pink sheet status), mergeacquisition announcements, and $100M in non-dilutive funding. The official FINRA announcement of the name change will be the catalyst for the additional news. Some quick notes about the charts. The 15x jump in the past couple of months is only the beginning. There is a clear trend of resistance breakthroughs and medium-term consolidation after each announcement. Volatility is low, the number of outstanding shares is small, and there is limited dilutive potential for an OTC. Let's dive deeper into this hidden gem.
All-Star Management Team
CEO Paul Michaels Curative BioTech lucked out with a CEO with 25 years of experience in investment banking with a focus on life sciences. Paul has an impressive record, starting as the Executive Vice President and board member of Global Capital Group (a Wall Street wealth management firm). He also got extensive experience in big Pharma through [Inabata & Co. Ltd's](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Inabata_%26_Co.,_Ltd.)), a subsidiary of a large Japanese drug company, Sumitomo Chemical Group, which totaled $21.8B in revenue in 2013 and employs over 30k people. While serving as Inabata's CFO, Paul licensed American drugs (some from Gilead) for the Asian market. After, the guy helped create Nobelpharma, an orphan drug company, which licenses drugs for rare diseases and got over $35M in initial capital. In February 2020, Paul took over Connectyx (a software services company at the time) and made it an orphan drug company. It is extremely rare for pink-sheet companies to have such high-caliber, established talent as a leader: decades of experience with finance and leadership positions in multi-billion dollar pharmaceutical companies. He helped build up Inabata and Nobelpharam (both thriving today), and I am confident in his ability to do it again with Connectyx. VP Communications Pam Bisikirski Recently, Curative announced Pam as the new Vice President of Communications. She previously served as the director of marketing of National Vision for 21 years. National Vision ($EYE) is a huge optical retail, eye care, and eye-ware company that is trading near a $4B market cap on NASDAQ. Scientific Advisory Board Dr. Michael Grace [news] - Ph.D. in Biochemistry and BS in Chemistry from the University of Nebraska. 30 years of experience in BioPharma with top roles in names like Procter & Gamble, Schering-Plough, Bristol-Myers Squibb, NPS Pharma, and Advaxis Immunotherapies. Lead 6 products to registration and commercialization. Dr. Ronald Bordens [news] - Ph.D. in Biotechnology with over 26 publications and over 2000 citations. 40 years in biotech and big pharma in research & development. Had a fruitful 26-year career at Schering-Plough Research. Richard Garr [news] - Serves as Director and CEO as well as President of Neuralstem Inc. (now Seneca Biopharma, Inc. which is listed on NASDAQ as $SNCA) for 20 years. Advocate for right to try treatments in the US and Europe. Founded Access Hope CRO (contract research organization) which dedicates itself to this cause. Was founder and current Board Member of the First Star Foundation Mid-Atlantic chapter which focuses on ill children (including pediatric brain cancer).
Robust Drug Pipeline
Keep in mind this company became a biotech firm in Feb 2020 and they already have 3 drugs in the pipeline along with exclusive rights licenses. Insane. 1) IMT504 immune therapy to treat late-stage rabies. (11/23/2020 Announcement implies IMT504 rabies license deal is complete) Strategic relationship with Mid-Atlantic BioTherapeutics, Inc. announced on 8/27/2020. Acquired all rights for development of this patented immunotherapy to treat late-stage rabies (a disease with 100% fatality rate after the treatable period, [kills 59k](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6613553/#:~:text=about this topic%3F-,Each year%2C rabies causes approximately 59%2C000 deaths worldwide%2C including approximately,of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP).).)) globally per year). Now, the value of this may not be in the drug approval itself (although passing trials would be a huge asset of course). The value is the potential in CTYX obtaining a Priority Review Voucher (PRV). These coupons are handed out by the FDA each year to incentivize research into rare diseases. Exercising the coupon means diminishing the approval process from 10 months to 6 after trials. Further, you can freely sell these on a secondary market to other companies! Historically, these have been sold between $100M to $300M each. If obtained, this is an instant 2x-6x increase to its current $50M market cap. There's more.. notice that the FDA has added Rabies to its PRV-eligible tropical diseases list. Currently, there is only a handful of rabies therapies being researched. This means there's actually a good chance of CYTX getting rewarded a voucher, despite the relatively low count of vouchers distributed annually. PRVs are also possible for all other drugs in the pipeline. 2) CURB906 monoclonal antibody cytotoxic conjugate for the treatment of Glioblastoma. (10/16/2020 NIH gives a grant of license for worldwide rights) The second license was filed near July 2020 for a novel monoclonal antibody conjugate to treat brain cancer. Glioblastomas are aggressive brain tumors with poor survival rates in children. Recent studies (e.g. s1, s2) have shown different combinations of chemo-therapy and antibody-drug conjugate (ADCs) therapeutics were effective in both mice and human models. ADCs are innovative methods that attach a cytotoxic compound (one meant to kill cancer cells) to an antibody that specifically attaches to certain cancer cell receptors, thus delivering therapies to their targets. There is great promise and lots of potential in these therapeutics. Exclusive Evaluation and Commercialization Option License Agreement with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has been granted. 3) Metformin repurposed to treat retinal degeneration. (2/4/2021 NIH gives a grant of license for worldwide rights) This is probably the ace in the hole and the largest reason behind the recent stock surge. On 2/4/2021, CTYX announced they received an NIH grant for exclusive worldwide rights to adapt a diabetes drug, Metformin, to treat retinal degeneration. Not only is Metformin proven safe (it is a widely used drug to treat Type1 Diabetes since 1995), there are many studies (e.g. s1, s2, s3) that hint at its effectiveness for retinal diseases. The recently granted license not only covers pediatric retinal generation (in the form of Stargardt Disease), it covers treatment in adults as well and includes macular degeneration. This promising treatment potentially covers 2/3 of the US population (2/3 of Americans are pre-diabetic, 1/10 are diabetic, and 11 million have some form of macular degeneration; why care about diabetes? diabetes causes retinopathy).
Huge Upcoming Announcements
The announced name change is the opening of the flood gates for all upcoming news. Additional licenses, uplistings, and deals with be done under the new company name. Expect many of these announcements following FINRA approval. These are some forward-looking implications:
(Within 2 weeks) FINRA approval of name change to Curative Biotechnology Inc. and ticker $CURB.
(Within weeks of name change) Following the name change, there will be an uplisting to OTCQB. OTCQB is a tier up from Pink Sheets and must adhere to stricter management certifications, undergo annual audits, and are more stringent in their financial reporting. Connectyx is currently working to become fully reporting OTCQB; to that end, the Company appointed Jonathan D. Leinwand, PA as Legal Counsel.
(Within weeks of name change) Talk of multiple upcoming drugs (if the Metformin announcement was one of them, we should see at least one more).
(Within weeks of name change) Hints at $100M of non-dilutive funding for clinical trials.
(Within months of name change) Mergers, acquisitions, and partnerships with other firms for licensing and commercialization.
Downsides
Before we get ahead of ourselves and dream about retiring in 3 months while riding this into space, we gotta ground ourselves and discuss the downsides. Remember: in life, there are no solutions, only tradeoffs. There are always downsides and risks. Risk 1) This is currently a pink sheet. That itself should make you more cautious because there is reduced regulation, more "flexible" rules, and less scrutiny/transparency. Risk 2) High risk, high reward. If all 3 drugs flop (assuming no additional therapeutics are added) and they don't get a PRV (priority review voucher), then this company is worthless. Granted, the chances are low, but still a possibility to consider. Risk 3) Share dilution and raising capital. Because clinical trials often require obscene amounts of capital (~$400M investment for normal drugs), there is a risk that managers might dilute the stock in order to raise money or to take profits in general. There are currently 322M outstanding shares with 1.1B authorized shares. Read the share disclosures, do the math, gauge the risks. Note that orphan drug trials are a lot less costly as well. Risks and unknowns are certainly there. However, the upside potential is too big to ignore. Buy at pennies, sell for dollars. Do the research and take advantage of any dips that might come on Monday from 2 days of green explosions. ------------------------------------------------------------ TL;DR.
You should fucking read it, because this Phoenix has a high probability of rising from ashes to become the OTC stock of the yeadecade with effortless 10x upside in the short-term.
$CTYX will change to $CURB (Curative BioTech) soon. Business strategy: (1) bring together financial experts, veterans in big pharma, accomplished biotech researchers, and world-class grant writers to vet orphan drugs (2) make deals and obtain licenses for these drugs to help get them through clinical trials (3) take advantage of special FDA benefits for orphan drug approval (faster approval process, fee waivers, etc) and commercialize them after with longer exclusive rights.
Finance: company has no problematic debt, clean sheets, non-dilutive funding, and a small number of outstanding shares for an OTC (322M).
Products: 3 promising drug candidates in the pipeline within a year. Multiple exclusive license grants approved by the NIH.
Upcoming Announcements: (1) name change (2) uplisting to $OTCQB from pink sheets (3) more non-dilutive funding (4) additional drug(s) in pipeline (5) mergers, acquisitions, and deals with other pharma companies.
Current market cap: $50M. Upside: (1) +$100M - $300M if awarded a priority review voucher (PRV) (2) +hundreds of millions in market cap if any of the 3 promising drugs goes past phase 2 ~end of 2022 (3) +millions in speculative capital if new drugs are announced in pipeline (4) potential future merger with large pharma or uplisting to NASDAQ (other biotech companies are listed with half the number of products).
Comprehensive DD on $CTYX: The OTC Biotech Stock of the Decade That Is Being Slept On
[Connectyx (OTC-PINK: CTYX). Will change to Curative Biotechnology with ticker $CURB in Q1 2021.] Full Disclosure: I have a $6k initial position in this stock at a cost average of $.06. The stock is now at $0.155 (as of 2/6/21) with my position at $15.5k and movement is just starting. I am not a financial advisor. I am simply a broke graduate student interested in investing and fucking retiring early. This post represents my personal views and should not be taken as financial advice. Do your own damn research and stop pumping your hard-earned cash into trending stocks on Reddit posts that are nothing but hype, rocket emojis, and a mob chat jerking each other off. Also, not a doctor! The medical content below should never be a substitute for professional medical advice. With that said, $CTYX is going to fucking Pluto 🚀🚀🚀🚀🚀🚀 🌑 Price Target: $0.5 by May 1, 2021; $1.25 - $3.00 (~10x) within 2 years with credible potential to be listed on NASDAQ. This company is absolutely solid on all sides: healthy financials, an experienced & reliable management team, favorable market conditions with a reasonable business model, a solid lineup of products in its pipeline, and many large announcements anticipated within the next 3 months. Simply put, there is extreme asymmetric upside. $CTYX or Connectyx was taken over by its current team led by CEO Paul Michaels around Feb 2020. Within a year, this CEO has kept every promise he's made and established the infrastructure for growth. The company specializes in bringing orphan drugs (more on this below) through clinical trials and then to market. Paul and his team have decades of experience in big pharma, biotech research, finance, and drug licensing/development (in-depth description in the Management Team section below). They've vetted 3 promising drug candidates in under a year and promised to start clinical trials by mid-2022. If any one of these pass phase 1/2 trials, the market cap grows by hundreds of millions. They also have a reasonable chance to obtain a Priority Review Voucher (PRV) from the FDA that is worth $100-$300M from their strategic picks. They have a clean balance sheet, acquired non-dilute bridge financing while putting these drugs through trials, and have plans of additional deals in the near future. Why orphan drugs? Orphan drugs are therapeutics that treat rare diseases (defined as illnesses affecting less than 200k Americans per year). From the [Orphan Drug Act](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Orphan_Drug_Act_of_1983#:~:text=The Orphan Drug Act of,residing in the United States.)), there are multiple incentives given by the government to develop orphan drugs: (1) significant tax credits (2) longer market exclusivity after approval (3) waiver of certain FDA fees (4) easier & faster approval process. In 2019, the global orphan drug market is estimated to be valued at $151B. By 2027, this is projected to reach $340.84B (10% compounded annual growth). This the cornerstone of their business model. By gathering a group of experts, they can cheaply vet high potential candidates to add to their development pipeline and then commercialize them from reduced fees as well as fast-track benefits from the FDA. So why the hell is it call Connectyx? It is just the old name of a software services company which the team acquired. The company has filed for a name change that will be granted within the next 2 weeks to Curative Biotechnology Inc. with a new ticker $CURB. In addition, the CEO himself has hinted at an uplisting to $OTCQB (a certification upgrade from current pink sheet status), mergeacquisition announcements, and $100M in non-dilutive funding. The official FINRA announcement of the name change will be the catalyst for the additional news. Some quick notes about the charts. The 15x jump in the past couple of months is only the beginning. There is a clear trend of resistance breakthroughs and medium-term consolidation after each announcement. Volatility is low, the number of outstanding shares is small, and there is limited dilutive potential for an OTC. Let's dive deeper into this hidden gem. All-Star Management Team CEO Paul Michaels Curative BioTech lucked out with a CEO with 25 years of experience in investment banking with a focus on life sciences. Paul has an impressive record, starting as the Executive Vice President and board member of Global Capital Group (a Wall Street wealth management firm). He also got extensive experience in big Pharma through [Inabata & Co. Ltd's](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Inabata_%26_Co.,_Ltd.)), a subsidiary of a large Japanese drug company, Sumitomo Chemical Group, which totaled $21.8B in revenue in 2013 and employs over 30k people. While serving as Inabata's CFO, Paul licensed American drugs (some from Gilead) for the Asian market. After, the guy helped create Nobelpharma, an orphan drug company, which licenses drugs for rare diseases and got over $35M in initial capital. In February 2020, Paul took over Connectyx (a software services company at the time) and made it an orphan drug company. It is extremely rare for pink-sheet companies to have such high-caliber, established talent as a leader: decades of experience with finance and leadership positions in multi-billion dollar pharmaceutical companies. He helped build up Inabata and Nobelpharam (both thriving today), and I am confident in his ability to do it again with Connectyx. VP Communications Pam Bisikirski Recently, Curative announced Pam as the new Vice President of Communications. She previously served as the director of marketing of National Vision for 21 years. National Vision ($EYE) is a huge optical retail, eye care, and eye-ware company that is trading near a $4B market cap on NASDAQ. Scientific Advisory Board Dr. Michael Grace [news] - Ph.D. in Biochemistry and BS in Chemistry from the University of Nebraska. 30 years of experience in BioPharma with top roles in names like Procter & Gamble, Schering-Plough, Bristol-Myers Squibb, NPS Pharma, and Advaxis Immunotherapies. Lead 6 products to registration and commercialization. Dr. Ronald Bordens [news] - Ph.D. in Biotechnology with over 26 publications and over 2000 citations. 40 years in biotech and big pharma in research & development. Had a fruitful 26-year career at Schering-Plough Research. Richard Garr [news] - Serves as Director and CEO as well as President of Neuralstem Inc. (now Seneca Biopharma, Inc. which is listed on NASDAQ as $SNCA) for 20 years. Advocate for right to try treatments in the US and Europe. Founded Access Hope CRO (contract research organization) which dedicates itself to this cause. Was founder and current Board Member of the First Star Foundation Mid-Atlantic chapter which focuses on ill children (including pediatric brain cancer). Robust Drug Pipeline Keep in mind this company became a biotech firm in Feb 2020 and they already have 3 drugs in the pipeline along with exclusive rights licenses. Insane. 1) IMT504 immune therapy to treat late-stage rabies. (11/23/2020 Announcement implies IMT504 rabies license deal is complete) Strategic relationship with Mid-Atlantic BioTherapeutics, Inc. announced on 8/27/2020. Acquired all rights for development of this patented immunotherapy to treat late-stage rabies (a disease with 100% fatality rate after the treatable period, [kills 59k](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6613553/#:~:text=about this topic%3F-,Each year%2C rabies causes approximately 59%2C000 deaths worldwide%2C including approximately,of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP).).)) globally per year). Now, the value of this may not be in the drug approval itself (although passing trials would be a huge asset of course). The value is the potential in CTYX obtaining a Priority Review Voucher (PRV). These coupons are handed out by the FDA each year to incentivize research into rare diseases. Exercising the coupon means diminishing the approval process from 10 months to 6 after trials. Further, you can freely sell these on a secondary market to other companies! Historically, these have been sold between $100M to $300M each. If obtained, this is an instant 2x-6x increase to its current $50M market cap. There's more.. notice that the FDA has added Rabies to its PRV-eligible tropical diseases list. Currently, there is only a handful of rabies therapies being researched. This means there's actually a good chance of CYTX getting rewarded a voucher, despite the relatively low count of vouchers distributed annually. PRVs are also possible for all other drugs in the pipeline. 2) CURB906 monoclonal antibody cytotoxic conjugate for the treatment of Glioblastoma. (10/16/2020 NIH gives a grant of license for worldwide rights) The second license was filed near July 2020 for a novel monoclonal antibody conjugate to treat brain cancer. Glioblastomas are aggressive brain tumors with poor survival rates in children. Recent studies (e.g. s1, s2) have shown different combinations of chemo-therapy and antibody-drug conjugate (ADCs) therapeutics were effective in both mice and human models. ADCs are innovative methods that attach a cytotoxic compound (one meant to kill cancer cells) to an antibody that specifically attaches to certain cancer cell receptors, thus delivering therapies to their targets. There is great promise and lots of potential in these therapeutics. Exclusive Evaluation and Commercialization Option License Agreement with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has been granted. 3) Metformin repurposed to treat retinal degeneration. (2/4/2021 NIH gives a grant of license for worldwide rights) This is probably the ace in the hole and the largest reason behind the recent stock surge. On 2/4/2021, CTYX announced they received an NIH grant for exclusive worldwide rights to adapt a diabetes drug, Metformin, to treat retinal degeneration. Not only is Metformin proven safe (it is a widely used drug to treat Type1 Diabetes since 1995), there are many studies (e.g. s1, s2, s3) that hint at its effectiveness for retinal diseases. The recently granted license not only covers pediatric retinal generation (in the form of Stargardt Disease), it covers treatment in adults as well and includes macular degeneration. This promising treatment potentially covers 2/3 of the US population (2/3 of Americans are pre-diabetic, 1/10 are diabetic, and 11 million have some form of macular degeneration; why care about diabetes? diabetes causes retinopathy). Huge Upcoming Announcements The announced name change is the opening of the flood gates for all upcoming news. Additional licenses, uplistings, and deals with be done under the new company name. Expect many of these announcements following FINRA approval. These are some forward-looking implications:
(Within 2 weeks) FINRA approval of name change to Curative Biotechnology Inc. and ticker $CURB.
(Within weeks of name change) Following the name change, there will be an uplisting to OTCQB. OTCQB is a tier up from Pink Sheets and must adhere to stricter management certifications, undergo annual audits, and are more stringent in their financial reporting. Connectyx is currently working to become fully reporting OTCQB; to that end, the Company appointed Jonathan D. Leinwand, PA as Legal Counsel.
(Within weeks of name change) Talk of multiple upcoming drugs (if the Metformin announcement was one of them, we should see at least one more).
(Within weeks of name change) Hints at $100M of non-dilutive funding for clinical trials.
(Within months of name change) Mergers, acquisitions, and partnerships with other firms for licensing and commercialization.
Downsides Before we get ahead of ourselves and dream about retiring in 3 months while riding this into space, we gotta ground ourselves and discuss the downsides. Remember: in life, there are no solutions, only tradeoffs. There are always downsides and risks. Risk 1) This is currently a pink sheet. That itself should make you more cautious because there is reduced regulation, more "flexible" rules, and less scrutiny/transparency. Risk 2) High risk, high reward. If all 3 drugs flop (assuming no additional therapeutics are added) and they don't get a PRV (priority review voucher), then this company is worthless. Granted, the chances are low, but still a possibility to consider. Risk 3) Share dilution and raising capital. Because clinical trials often require obscene amounts of capital (~$400M investment for normal drugs), there is a risk that managers might dilute the stock in order to raise money or to take profits in general. There are currently 322M outstanding shares with 1.1B authorized shares. Read the share disclosures, do the math, gauge the risks. Note that orphan drug trials are a lot less costly as well. Risks and unknowns are certainly there. However, the upside potential is too big to ignore. Buy at pennies, sell for dollars. Do the research and take advantage of any dips that might come on Monday from 2 days of green explosions. ------------------------------------------------------------ TL;DR.
You should fucking read it, because this Phoenix has a high probability of rising from ashes to become the OTC stock of the yeadecade with effortless 10x upside in the short-term.
$CTYX will change to $CURB (Curative BioTech) soon. Business strategy: (1) bring together financial experts, veterans in big pharma, accomplished biotech researchers, and world-class grant writers to vet orphan drugs (2) make deals and obtain licenses for these drugs to help get them through clinical trials (3) take advantage of special FDA benefits for orphan drug approval (faster approval process, fee waivers, etc) and commercialize them after with longer exclusive rights.
Finance: company has no problematic debt, clean sheets, non-dilutive funding, and a small number of outstanding shares for an OTC (322M).
Products: 3 promising drug candidates in the pipeline within a year. Multiple exclusive license grants approved by the NIH.
Upcoming Announcements: (1) name change (2) uplisting to $OTCQB from pink sheets (3) more non-dilutive funding (4) additional drug(s) in pipeline (5) mergers, acquisitions, and deals with other pharma companies.
Current market cap: $50M. Upside: (1) +$100M - $300M if awarded a priority review voucher (PRV) (2) +hundreds of millions in market cap if any of the 3 promising drugs goes past phase 2 ~end of 2022 (3) +millions in speculative capital if new drugs are announced in pipeline (4) potential future merger with large pharma or uplisting to NASDAQ (other biotech companies are listed with half the number of products).
Here are the 75 most common math problem types on the ACT
There’s a lot of math out there. Some things show up all the time on the ACT. Other things don’t. I need to know this information in order to make the questions and question-selection algorithms for Mathchops. So I went through every question from the last 10 ACTs and figured out which skills showed up. Then one of my partners helped me make a Python script and we did a bunch of data analysis. What follows is a list of the 75 most common skills, along with an estimate of how likely they are to appear on your actual test. Guaranteed To Show Up:These have to be rock solid because A) they’ll definitely show up and B) they’ll often be combined with other skills. Fractions – All four operations. Mixed numbers. Average – Also called the arithmetic mean. There is always a basic version and usually an advanced one, like the average sum trick (see below). Probability – Know the basic part:whole versions. There is usually a harder one also (like one with two events). Percents – Know all basic variations. More advanced ones are common also. Exponents – All operations. Fractional and negative exponents are very common too (see below). Linear Equations/Slope – Find the slope when given two points. Be able to isolate y (to create y = mx + b). All the standard stuff from 8th grade Algebra. Solving Equations – Be very comfortable with ax + b = cx + d. Distribute. Combine like terms. You also need to be able to create these equations based on word problems. Picking Numbers – You never have to use this but it will be a useful option on every test. Ratio – Part:part, part:whole. Quadratic skills – Factor. FOIL. Set parenthesis equal to zero. Graph parabolas. Area/Perimeter of basic shapes – Triangles, rectangles, circles. Negatives – Be comfortable with all operations. SOHCAHTOA – Every variation of right triangle trig, including word problems. Plug in answers – Like picking numbers, it’s not required but it’s often helpful. Extremely Likely (> 80% chance): Function shifts – Horizontal shifts, vertical shifts. Stretches. You should recognize y = 2(x+1)^2 - 5 right away and know exactly what to do. Average sum trick – 5 tests, average is 80. After the 6th test, the average is 82. What was 6th test score? MPH – The concept of speed in miles per hour shows up every time. Median – Middle when organized from low to high. Even number of numbers. What happens when you make the highest number higher or the lowest number lower? Radicals – Basic operations. Translate to fractional exponents. System of Equations – Elimination. Substitution. Word problems. Angle chasing – 180 in a line. 180 in a triangle. Corresponding angles. Vertical angles. Time – Hours to minutes, minutes to seconds Pythagorean Theorem – Sometimes asked directly, other times required as part of something else (like SOHCAHTOA or finding the distance between two points). Apply formula – they give you a formula (sometimes in the context of a word problem) and you have to plug stuff in. Composite function – As in g(f(x)). Factoring – Mostly the basics. Almost never involves a leading coefficient. Matrices – Adding, subtracting, multiplying. Knowing when products are possible. Very Likely (> 50% chance): Absolute Value – Sometimes basic arithmetic, sometimes an algebraic equation or inequality. Fractional Exponents – Rewrite radicals as fractional exponents and vice versa. Multistep conversion – For example, they might give you a mph and a cost/gallon and then ask for the total cost. Probability, two events – If there's a .4 probability of rain and a .6 probability of tacos, what is the probability of rain and tacos? Remainders – Can be simple or pattern based, as in “If 1/7 is written as a repeating decimal, what is the 400th digit to the right of the decimal point?” Midpoint – Given two ordered pairs, find the midpoint. Sometimes they’ll give you the midpoint and ask for one of the pairs. Weird shape area – It’s an unusual shape but you can use rectangles and triangles to find the area. Periodic function graph – The basics of sine and cosine graphs (shifts, amplitude, period). Circle equations – (x-h)^2 + (y-k)^2 = r^2. Sometimes you have to complete the square. Negative exponents – Know what they do and how to combine them with other exponents. Shaded area – The classic one has a square with a circle inside. Counting principle – License plate questions. Logarithms – Rewrite in exponential form. Basic operations. Imaginary numbers – Powers of i. What is i^2? The complex plane. LCM – Straight up. In word problems. In algebraic fractions. FOIL – This has to be automatic. Worth Knowing (>25% chance): Ellipses – Know how to graph basic versions. Scientific notation – Go back and forth between standard and scientific notation. All four operations. Vectors – Add, subtract, multiply (scalar), i and j notation. Permutation – You have 5 plants and 3 spots. How many ways can you arrange them? Volume of a prism – Know that the volume = area of something x height. Sometimes the base will be a weird shape. c = product of roots, -b = sum of roots – Use when in x^2 + bx + c form. Usually not required but often helpful. Difference of two squares – (x + y)(x - y) = x^2 - y^2 Arithmetic sequence – Usually asks you to find a specific term, sometimes asks you to find the formula. Law of Cosines – They almost always give you the formula. Then you just have to plug things in. Triangle opposite side rule – There is a relationship between an angle and the side across from that angle? Change the base – If 9^x = 27^5, what is x? Similar triangles – Relate the sides with a proportion. Probability with “or” – 3 reds, 5 blue, 6 green. Probability of picking a red or blue? Probability with “not” – 3 reds, 5 blue, 6 green. Probability of picking one that’s not red? Factors – The basic concept and greatest common factor, with numbers and variables. 30:60:90 – Know the basic relationships. Sometimes required for advanced trig questions. Volume of a cylinder – They’ll usually give it to you but not always. Trapezoid – Usually basic area questions. Domain – Usually you can think of it as “possible x values”. Conjugates – Rationalize denominators that include radicals or imaginary numbers. Know that imaginary roots come in pairs. Exponential Growth/Decay – Be comfortable with this: Final = Initial(1+/- rate)^time. Weighted average – Class A has 8 kids and an average of 70. Class B has 12 kids and an average of 94. What is the combined average of the two classes? Inverse trig – Use right triangle ratios to find angles. Parallelogram – Know that adjacent angles add to 180. Area formula. Use the radius – A circle will be combined with another shape and you have to use the radius to find the essential info about that other shape. Value/frequency charts – They’ll tell you the value and frequency and then ask about mean or median. 3:4:5 – Recognize 3:4:5 right triangle relationships. Algebra LCD – Find the lowest common denominator, then combine the numerators. 5:12:13 – Recognize 5:12:13 right triangle relationships. System of equations with three equations – Usually a word problem. Involves substitution. Compare numbers – Radicals, fractions, decimals, absolute value. Translate points – Images, reflections.
Hey Redditor Math Wizards! Hope you can help me out on something :) P.S. I also posted this on StackOverflow, but I'm also interested in a bit more of a discussion so posting here. I am interested in whether it is required to test for contradictions in assumptions within proofs. Specifically, consider the following:
Assume P ∧ Q
Therefore, by conjunction elimination we have P is true and Q is true
Lets try to prove P ∧ Q ⇒ R
If we can prove P ⇒ R, if my understanding is correct, we have proven P ∧ Q ⇒ R since P ∧ Q ⇒ P ⇒ R. Please correct me if I'm wrong here.
But what if we also have Q ⇒ ¬ R? This would create a contradiction and therefore P ∧ Q is false?
As I understand, in proof by contradiction of P ⇒ Q , we would assume ¬ Q and try to prove a contradiction to show that if P is true, then Q must be true. However, here, we are not contradicting any of the original assumptions (P). The question is what if the original assumption (which is assumed to be true) has a contradiction in it? I.e. P ∧ Q is false. Does that mean my above logic of using conjugation elimination and then implication is not formally correct and I also have to prove there is no contradiction within any of the assumptions that are combined via conjugation whenever I am trying to show (P ∧ Q) ⇒ R (i.e. I cannot rely on P ⇒ R to show (P ∧ Q) ⇒ R)). I know I cannot rely on P ⇒ R to show P ∨ Q ⇒ R. What are the ground rules for working with conjugation elimination & implication? Separately and more philosophically, whenever we have assumptions, do we need to always check that there is no contradiction between them? E.g. lets say I have (x > 3) ∧ (x < 3). Obviously this is false, but what happens if I assume it to be true? After all, aren't assumptions mine to make? Is this resolved by the fact that this conjunction statement is never true (its a bit unrelated, but how would vacuous truths fall into this discussion)?
The Japanese Novels I've Read In the Past Year: Their Readability & Enjoyment for Learners
To help people decide what to read. I've left out most direct plot discussion, but that's usually easy enough to find out with a quick internet search.
推理/Mystery
Top entertainment genre in Japan. Author, 東野圭吾: very talented, many novels, one of the most popular in Japan. One listed are highly readable, but some of his novels like 白夜行 have a lot of hard dialectal speech.
夜明けの街で also is a romance novel, movie-adapted. One of my first novels and I was quite able to keep up with it.
容疑者Xの献身 few characters, easy to follow. mathematics and logical discussions.
秘密 — psychologically very interesting, heated conflict.
Author, 湊かなえ: also one of the most popular authors. These first two novels are split into about 6 short story length chapters, with different narrators providing their interpretation of events in pseudo-monologue form. it will remind you of the story several times so its easier to keep track of the basic plot.
告白 — really popular, set in a school. At first a bit difficult to realize that its a teacher giving a speech, but watching the movie would make the scenes a lot easier to picture.
贖罪 — pretty gruesome subject matter. Some characters introduce a lot of new characters in their monologue so it can get hard to keep track. The final chapter is intentionally alienating.
リバース a bit less chaotic and more straightforward read.
村上春樹
Most well known Japanese author in the West, very translatable. often will go almost word for word with the translation. Pronouns used when most authors would drop them, so its really helpful when you are just starting to read and trying to keep track of who’s doing what in each sentence.
ノルウェイの森 one of the best-selling Japanese novel globally, iconic, and extremely engaging. Strong recommendation to start with.
海辺のカフカ talking cats (they speak in a cat accent). Two alternating narrators. Magical realism themes, some very strange things happen.
色彩を持たない田崎つくると、彼の巡礼の年 simple story, characters introduced early on, very engaging. If you liked Norwegian wood, I recommend this.
1973年ピンボール — one of his earlier novels. 2 concurrent stories. Not my favorite but also not bad.
Regarding Light Novels
Iseikai LNs will usually have a lot of vocab and (made-up) terms you will have to keep track off so keep that in mind. 読書好きの下剋上 is one I find to be quite readable.
君の膵臓を食べたい go to for your first LN: really engaging, emotional, few characters, simply written. No explicit place references (and few names) so you aren’t alienated due to lacking cultural knowledge. Lots of simple explicit sentences.
Older Literature
Author, 夏目漱石: Public Domain (can all be found free on Aozora Bunko). Meiji/Taisho era author, probably the most renowned national literary figure. Good if you want to engage in genuine literature. Maybe you’re intimidated, but he's not as hard as you think to read (mostly). Lots of furigana, so even though obsolete kanjis are used, you’ll quickly be able to keep track of what means what. Also lets you associate 漢語 (chinese-origin kanji words) with Japanese equivalents.
こゝろ — famous. simple language, few characters (all unnamed), most famous classic novel. Split into many very short chapters, so you don’t have to feel intimidated.
坊っちゃん — medium length, not too hard but there are more characters who have some quirks to keep track of, and short episodes or conversations that will take some concentration to fully grasp, but the basic establishment is easy so even if you miss out on some zones you can handle.
吾輩は猫である — very hard and long (~3x normal novel length). Narrator is a cat, lots of obscure grammars such as ざる and all the conjugations of べし and まい. Features traditional letters (✉️) (which use very obscure vocabulary, grammar, suffixes, kanji-use, sentence endings, particle dropping). The beginning isn’t too hard but the majority is conversations with a fairly large character pool. a lot of incomprehensible Buddhist references. Some poetry (also hard to get). The translation barely helps with the hard parts because its targeted towards western people so most specific japanesey references vanish. Its probably not worth the struggle, the chapters are about the length of a short-medium novel each. However, highly humorous and satirical at times (sometimes easier and harder to pick up).
破戒 older meiji novel, public domain, I could only find it in the old kana usage but you get used to it because its relatively intuitive. Cultural knowledge of social “castes” would help. Not the easiest read to get 100% but known as representative meiji novel.
死者の奢り・飼育 — Two (plus) short(ish) stories by author Kenzaburo Oe (Nobel Prize author). He has a very specific sentence style, and uses a wider range of descriptive vocabulary so he’s really good to sentence mine for higher-end vocabulary.
黒い雨: historical novel that follows events of Hiroshima, including real people. Uses diaries and letters to tell story. Not overly emotional. Gives good cultural insight (though also some difficulty if you want to know what the traditional plants, animals, tools, house parts, social organisations refer to). Very realistic. On the harder end, but well known literature.
Author, 三島由紀夫: well known post ww2 author. Pure literature. Lots of 漢語 and sentences with theoretical-reasoning.
潮騒 romance story, his easiest read, popular. Beautiful descriptions. Cultural knowledge of island life might help but its easy enough to pick up. Some obscure dialect but it doesn’t really hinder you. Seriously has like five movie adaptions so that could help you read along.
仮面の告白 good to compare with 人間失格 because they were written about the same time and the author’s had correspondence, and some similarities.
金閣寺：somewhat long. lots of buddhist terms and phrases, and you’ll lose sense of setting if you filter them out too much. Descriptions can at times be hard to follow. This difficulty made me underwhelmed at the end. Maybe read it twice and take notes if you want to get if fully (I haven’t been able to), because it’s supposedly up there with all time pure Japanese literature.
Contemporary Literature
Author 森見登美彦: popular Kansai author. Comedic.
夜は短し歩けよ乙女 and 四畳半神話大系 Campus life comedic stories. extremely entertaining, both split into about four sections of short-medium novel length. The word use is varied, using many adjectives, 四字熟語, and proverbs comedically which is really good to farm vocabulary for more advanced learners.
コンビニ人間 high quality literature, not too long, simple plot. Go-to read if you want actual contemporary literature. Words aren’t too hard and the essential parts even easier.
限りなく透明に近いブルー not long, very popular novel, adult themes, a decent amount of characters. Sentences flow into each other, the meaning is not always explicit, dialogue is unmarked/unpunctuated a lot. Still enjoyable.
窓際のトットちゃん — Simple read. children-narrated text but highly well known, episodic.
何者 —Ave. difficulty. somewhat psychological, decent movie. About 就活 (job hunting). Uses a lot of tweets.
マチネの終わりに Mature Adults romance story, somewhat long but very captivating read. Follows recent (about 2000~2015) international events and settings across the world.
砂漠 Ave. difficulty. campus/youth novel following a friend group in college. Structured into 4 and a bit parts. The author is quite well known.
永遠の０: one of the highest selling novels, has a movie. About ww2, heroic themes. Its for general people so the war-terminology is well explained within it. Just a bit nationalistic so it would do with some caution that it might be a bit glorified
博士の愛した数式 and ことり both by 小川洋子. few characters, not really named, each follows the life of a quirky/bizarre person. Both have characteristic subject matter: math and birds respectively. Ave. difficulty.
サラバ！three part book of a person’s life story across several locations. References to notable events in recent decades such as earthquakes. Really engaging. Easy to follow, with a tiny bit of dialect.
あこがれ two medium length short stories using child narrators. The words are mostly basic, little kanji, and a lot of simple children's dialogue. Recommended for those who don't want to deal with a lot of kanji, and want more colloquial language. I think 川上未映子 (the author) generally does dialogue quite well, and her books seem to have a lot of it.
Last night while binge drinking and reading through chains of articles on Wikipedia I had the best idea. I realized there are sections of the site I never explored. So I immediately closed List of animals with fraudulent diplomas and the n+1 articles on Permian fauna I had open, then went to the Wikipedia reference desk. Now the reference desk is pretty cool and it's one more reason why Wikipedia is an internet gem, anyone can ask a question about any topic, and anyone can answer. Most of the questions in the mathematics section are what one would expect; people asking about things in homework assignments they don't understand, people asking for help deciphering arcane mathematics articles on the site, and people questioning their own understanding of things. Every now and then you'd find people asking why some proof of [insert famous conjecture here] published in [insert obscure journal here] wasn't cited on Wikipedia and why it wasn't accepted as a proof by the mathematical community. But I found something a little more spicy than that, I found a user that claims to have proven the Riemann hypothesis, the Collatz conjecture, the Goldbach conjecture, and created an elementary proof of Fermat's last theorem. Is the following proof of Riemann Hypothesis correct?
Riemann Hypothesis states that the real part of all non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function, or ζ(s) = Σ(k=1 to ∞) 1/k^s = 0, equals one-half. For the non-trivial zero, s, a complex number, we have s = a + bi where Re(s)= a = 1/2.
If I had $1 for every "proof" of the Riemann hypothesis I've seen where the writer starts by trying to find s such that 1+1/2s+1/3s+1/4s+⋯=0 I'd probably be lounging on a beach in the Caribbean right now. The problem here is that the Dirichlet series for ζ(s) only converges when the real part of s is greater than 1, and this series is never 0 where it converges. So analyzing only this series will not be helpful.
Fact III: The sum of the complex conjugate pairs of non-trivial zeros, s = a + bi and s' = c + di where ζ(s) = Σ(k=1 to ∞) 1/k^s = 0 and ζ(s') = Σ(k=1 to ∞) 1/k^s' = 0, of the Riemann zeta function equals one according to the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic and the Harmonic Series (H):(Note: Euler and others have proven that there exists an infinite set of primes in H. And that the divergence of H is a key reason for that result.)
If s' is the complex conjugate of s=a+bi then why not just write s'=a-bi instead of s'=c+di? Or why not write s=σ+it instead, as this is a fairly standard way to write a non-trivial zero in literature on the topic? Sure, this isn't bad math per say, but it's pretty bad notation. Also, s+s'=1 always only if the Riemann hypothesis is true and this would have nothing to do with the fundamental theorem of arithmetic or the harmonic series! They have already assumed the Riemann hypothesis is true before they've done anything! The bit where they talk about primes in the harmonic series is somewhat odd. It looks like they think the divergence of the harmonic series implies the divergence of the sum of reciprocal primes (which it doesn't, the implication is the other way around) and they seem to treat the harmonic series like a set. After this our writer slaps his four facts together in some convoluted way that I can't decipher and declares victory.
Therefore, according to Facts I, II, III, and IV, we have: k^(1/2) ≤ k^a ≤ k, k^(1/2) ≤ k^c ≤ k, and a + c = 1. Hence, k^a = k^c = k^(1/2) which implies a = c = 1/2. Riemann Hypothesis is true! Riemann was right!
Then they make some final notes where they try to rewrite the harmonic series using some underexplained ideas about prime gaps and says
There are infinitely many more positive integers than there are prime numbers, or prime numbers have a zero density relative to the positive integers, and prime numbers generate the positive even integers efficiently so that gaps between two consecutive prime numbers increase without bound.
which is true in the sense of natural density for sure, so why not just say that? Using the phrase "infinitely many more" makes it sound like cardinality. Saying "so that gaps between two consecutive prime numbers increase without bound" makes it look like they're saying all prime gaps become larger as we increase through the sequence of primes, this isn't necessarily true although it's statistically something we should expect. The existence of arbitrarily large prime gaps is true though and isn't hard to prove, but they did not prove it in any of what was written and it's not the same as what they said. Is the following proof of Goldbach Conjecture correct?
Keywords: π(*):= Odd Prime Counting Function and Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic (FTA) Goldbach conjecture states every positive even integer is the sum of two prime numbers. (We count one as prime in the sense of additive number theory outside of the FTA.)
What? The parenthetical here is so strange. Additive number theorists don’t take 1 to be prime and they have no reason to do so. The writer then tries to make a probabilistic argument from a system of linear equations defined over a set of odd primes less than an even number e>2,
Therefore, e ≠ p + q over S, (p,q є S) , implies the following system of equations over S, 1 = e - n1 * q1, 3 = e - n2 * q2, ..., pk = e - nk * qk, according to the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic where 1 < qj ≤ (nj * qj)^.5 ≤ nj for 1 ≤ j ≤ k where pj, qj є S and nj is a positive integer. Note: If qj = 1, then nj є S, or nj is an odd prime less than e.
and this last sentence is what they try to base their argument on. They attempt argue that for every even number e>2, the probability that an equation of the form p=e-1q doesn't show up goes to 0. Which would mean that it's likely that e=p+q. Even if their probabilistic manipulations made sense this obviously still wouldn't prove the Goldbach conjecture. Showing that it's "probably true" isn't a proof that it's true. As if to attest to the writer's own doubt,
In addition, empirical evidence has confirmed the validity of the conjecture for all positive even integers up to at least an order of 10^18. Therefore, we conclude the conjecture is true.
x^n+y^n=z^n for n > 2. I begin the proof by assuming there exists an integral (positive integer) solution to equation one for some n > 2. Equation one becomes with some algebraic manipulation, 2. x^n=z^n-y^n = (z^(n/2)+y^(n/2))*(z^(n/2)-y^(n/2)).
Okay.
Now that I have factored the right side of equation two, Fermat, the great French mathematician and respectable jurist, made I believe the next logical and crucial step.
He factored the left side as well, x^n, with the help of an extra real variable, Ɛ, such that 0 < Ɛ < n . I have the following equation, x^n = x^(n/2+Ɛ/2)* x^(n/2-Ɛ/2) = (z^(n/2)+y^(n/2))*(z^(n/2)-y^(n/2) ). This equation implies x^(n/2+Ɛ/2)= z^(n/2)+y^(n/2) and x^(n/2-Ɛ/2) = z^(n/2)-y^(n/2).
Ah yes, if ab=cd then a=c and b=d. Everyone knows that! Eventually, after a few more lines, the author concludes
However, (1/4)^(1/n) is not a rational number, a ratio of two whole numbers, for n > 2. This implies the right side of equation five is not a positive integer. This contradicts my assumption that y is a positive integer. Thus, Fermat’s Last Theorem is true, and Fermat was right!
Proof of the Collatz Conjecture: Suppose there exists a sequence, S’={n0, n1, n2, …} that does not converge to one, or nk ≠ 1 or nsub(k-r) ≠ 2^µ over S’ for all kϵ ℕ where r
It's obvious that hailstone sequences don't converge, so the “does not converge to one” bit is irrelevant. Here the fundamental error is same error as in their attempted proof of the Goldbach conjecture; they think making a probabilistic argument in favor of the conjecture being true is the same thing as proving it. Lots of other basic little details are also wrong, but I'll just look at one:
From a given positive integer, n, we obtain the maximum positive odd integer, n0 > 7, by repeated division of n by 2.
What is n here, the starting number? What if n is odd? We'd have to 3n+1 it first, not divide by 2. Even if n is even the first odd number we hit once we finish dividing by 2 is not the maximum odd number in its hailstone sequence, this is easy to see starting with n=22.
First of all I hope you all are doing great! It might sound kind of obsessive but I've been trying to find my type from a long time ago, and I've considered even the strangest possibilities (according to close friends) just because I overthink the functions a lot and I consider I become more and more biased with time, changing the meanings of things just to make them fit into different functions whenever I come up with a new theory. It sounds convincing to everyone, but not to me... I really have no one I can talk about mbti in this way because people close to me don't understand or are very into it haha, I believe I don't know myself enough (which I should work on, and that's why I really like mbti but I feel I worsen things instead of finding some light hahaha). Anyways, so sorry for the long introduction and thanks a lot for reading! <3 • How old are you? What's your gender? Give us a general description of yourself. I'm a 22 year old female and I'm from Colombia. I am interested in several things though I am not good at all of them haha. I played tennis almost during 9 years (or 10) and people don't know why since I am not very good for sports but I've always been very disciplined. I love languages and I think I have a knack for them, I love to paint, draw, sculpt or anything I can do with my hands since it helps me to focus only on what I'm doing and stops my thoughts or helps me clarifying them, I love to write and read (yeah yeah, infp haha) and love to learn new things. My childhood dream was to become astronomer but I am terrible at math and teachers never understood how I always got the right answers with the wrong (or not indicated) methods haha. • Is there a medical diagnosis that may impact your mental stability somehow? I don't think so... I've had problems like everyone else and hard times as well, but I'm ok I guess haha. • Describe your upbringing. Did it have any kind of religious or structured influence? How did you respond to it? I've always said that my dad taught me to love knowledge and my mom taught me to spread it. My dad always told me Jesus was a philosopher whose ideas were distorted since I was very little and up until now I fiercely believe in that haha, there was a very difficult time in which I used to get upset when my mom talked about God (she's very catholic) but now I like to listen to everyone and get ideas from their beliefs. I believe God is a misunderstood artist whose plans we don't fully understand but I like to compare him to those writers who always imagine tragic endings for their characters... (?) • What do you do as a job or as a career (if you have one)? Do you like it? Why or why not? I currently work in a call center, even thought I hated the idea 4 years ago I've learn a lot from it! Now I don't feel anxious with calls and I am very thankful that because of my situation I was forced to work in one hahaha, I can express myself better and explain my ideas to other without fear of rejection or making them feel upset with me. I don't plan to work in one of them my whole life, I am actually saving money to start my university studies in something related to languages and teaching! :) • If you had to spend an entire weekend by yourself, how would you feel? Would you feel lonely or refreshed? I would definitely love it! Even though I am pretty talkative I always have a hard time when spending a lot of time with my family or friends because I feel I am more productive when by myself. I feel very refreshed after having a long time by myself and I can learn a lot of things! • What kinds of activities do you prefer? Do you like, and are you good at sports? Do you enjoy any other outdoor or indoor activities? I love spending time in nature, places like parks or mountains are my favorite ones! As I mentioned I played tennis and through that experience I realized how important it is to take care of your body and your mind at the same time, but I am not naturally skilled for sports haha. It'd be redundant if I talked about my hobbies once again. • How curious are you? Do you have more ideas then you can execute? What are your curiosities about? What are your ideas about - is it environmental or conceptual, and can you please elaborate? I've always said my mind fluctuates in a lot of hypocognitions and I can never accomplish them entirely because there are just a lot of them! Most of the time I need to create something in order to understand a concept, an idea and/or felling I have that I don't understand in the very moment. For example I like to draw things that come to my mind when feeling something I don't understand and I'll understand that feeling three months later (or more)... Not a very practical technique, but getting better at it hahaha. • Would you enjoy taking on a leadership position? Do you think you would be good at it? What would your leadership style be? I love to help people in general, but being in charge is a different thing, a work I admire but wouldn't be able to execute. Still, if I ever had to be in a leadership position under stress I would be kind of bossy to be honest, when normal I'd be very active and funny as well but would burn out easily. • Are you coordinated? Why do you feel as if you are or are not? Do you enjoy working with your hands in some form? Describe your activity? I am very coordinated with specific tasks, not very multitasking, when investing a lot of time on certain skill I can be very coordinated, though but yes! I adore working with my hands! (Going back to the hobbies thing again). • Are you artistic? If yes, describe your art? If you are not particular artistic but can appreciate art please likewise describe what forums of art you enjoy. Please explain your answer. I am very artistic, I guess, specially because creating things is my way to understand myself, I always end up drawing like cute things that have a weird aspect with a lot of self-references I don't like to explain to people. Other thing I like to do is to ask people what do they thing a tale/drawing/sculpture means and try to figure out how I feel or what I meant based on that. • What's your opinion about the past, present, and future? How do you deal with them? Ugh, I am very nostalgic when thinking about the past, I wish I could get some sensations back but I understand that I cannot retrocede so that ideas makes me feel better at times. Present moment? Whaaaat is thaaaaat? Haha, kidding; I've learnt to appreciate what I have in this very moment because it might change at any moment and I am afraid of that! Future is basically the reason why I wake up and think I need to work harder to save money and be in the place I want to be... Not very good to think a it every single moment, but working on that. • How do you act when others request your help to do something (anything)? If you would decide to help them, why would you do so? Before, it was very hard for me to say no to my immediate family and it still is but I've become better at it * makes uncomfortable noises *. I feel I owe what I am to my parents and sisters so that's why I help them. I help people in general if I feel I am able to do it and it will really make their situation better. No regrets when helping, because if you regret why did you do it in the first place? • Do you need logical consistency in your life? I feel logic is the most importan thing in my life, not because I consider I am logical at all, but because it needs to be my main focus for being able to accomplish things in life and not losing track. Logic is as beautiful as feelings when wisely used. • How important is efficiency and productivity to you? I don't think I am naturally a productive or efficient person but life has pushed me to be so, currently I think those are amazing traits people should work on! • Do you control others, even if indirectly? How and why do you do that? I do it all the time, most of the time because I want to have a balance between personal and collective goals and I want things to occur in the most convenient way. • What are your hobbies? Why do you like them? Uhm, I've written a lot of stuff I know, I already talked about them haha, artistic thingies that might make people thing I am an ixfp haha. I love to watch youtube videos as well and memes hehe. • What is your learning style? What kind of learning environments do you struggle with most? Why do you like/struggle with these learning styles? Do you prefer classes involving memorization, logic, creativity, or your physical senses? I love learning by context and I have that very clear since I've noticed it in my languages classes, if I cannot get (pseudo)philosophical with it, I don't wanna learn it haha if it does not lead everyone to a conversation where they express their ideas about it it's not working. But maybe I need to thing more about it. For certain stuff I like repetition, conjugation and stuff is better when repeating it, that depends on what your learning, several techniques can be used for different results... (?) • How good are you at strategizing? Do you easily break up projects into manageable tasks? Or do you have a tendency to wing projects and improvise as you go? I have a talent for planning but not for executing haha, recently I have learnt that executing is important and maybe have gotten better at it, but definitely not natural for me. • What are your aspirations in life, professionally and personally? I want to have mental, health and economic stability to help my family and myself as well, if after that I can help others I'll be happy to! I want to know more every day and be excellent at the things I like to do and have to do. • What are your fears? What makes you uncomfortable? What do you hate? Why? I hate not knowing things, it always turns out to be something awful when I don't know how a person is going to react, what can I expect from a job interview, what is making me uncomfortable, and so on and so on... Not knowing what needs to be known is awful though ignorance saves me at times from getting depressed haha. Besides, who am I to decide what needs to be known and what does not? • What do the "highs" in your life look like? Peace, love, philanthropy, rainbows and tons of knowledge. • What do the "lows" in your life look like? Desire for absolute destruction, when helpless wanting to control everything, very bitter and cynical. (I currently feel a bit of both since I am feeling fine and neutral, the examples on the highs is when I am very very high that it becomes something bad). • How attached are you to reality? Do you daydream often, or do you pay attention to what's around you? If you do daydream, are you aware of your surroundings while you do so? What is surroundings? Haha, I have a very hard time focusing in the real moment and when I finally can do it I forget to think haha, have to do one of those at the same time. Daydreaming 85% to be honest. • Imagine you are alone in a blank, empty room. There is nothing for you to do and no one to talk to. What do you think about? First thing I would think about would be the love of my life haha, cheesyyyy. After that I would start overthinking about everything else, when on the empty room for hours I'd start thinking about what others are going to do to me or my family or the reasons why I ended up in there, then ways to escape after years of being there haha... Not really sure. (?) • How long do you take to make an important decision? And do you change your mind once you've made it? Woah, that's related to the last thing I've said hahaha, it takes years or months for me to decide something, but when decided there is no coming back. • How long do you take to process your emotions? How important are emotions in your life? I guess I explained that as well before, understanding feelings and thoughts (which I like to combine) through tangible things like drawings, writings and others. • Do you ever catch yourself agreeing with others just to appease them and keep the conversation going? How often? Why? That happens to me often with strangers or people I am not very close to. When confident in the conversation or if I see the person is getting my point and is respectful I can give a little bit more of info, if my family, most of the time I will speak up my mind regardless of the outcome of it hahaha. • Do you break rules often? Do you think authority should be challenged, or that they know better? If you do break rules, why? I don't break rules often just in case I break them once for solid and valid reasons I will be heard and maybe that specific rule will be reviewed and changed hahaha. The fact that someone is in a position of authority does not make them being right every single time, it means a lot of stuff: they either worked very hard for it, or they bribed someone or whatever but one has to be very attentive and aware of the person that is leading, they are humans after all, haha. Well, I think this was a lot and maybe no one is going to read it but thanks a lot for giving us this space, maybe after writing so much about myself I learnt something new about me! Cheers!!! :) Sorry for the typos and for getting more and more concise in the latest answers, I got tired hahahaha. :(
[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/periodic-table/png/Periodic_Table_of_Elements_w_Chemical_Group_Block_PubChem.png ] or [https://ptable.com/#Properties ] In the last 14 posts, I have attempted to present the main points/useful information from a whole academic year of general chemistry. A significant fraction of the material taught in general chemistry is obsolete, but I am also skipping over any of the information that is actually beneficial to have somewhat memorized, all of the math, etc. Generally speaking, people don’t seem to have much trouble retaining information that is useful to them, so unless you’re having to pass a series of exams I would not worry about any of the details if you don’t want to. Maintaining a degree of rigor and intellectual honesty is important, but at the same time knowing a theory should enhance your understanding of the real world instead of detracting from it. In any case, we have atomic nuclei with positively charged protons and non-charged neutrons surrounded by somewhat amorphous clouds of negatively charged electron density generated by a discrete number of negatively charged electrons moving around at high speed. How nuclei, orbitals, and electrons interact is chemistry, and given the complexity in chemical reactions that is evident (particularly in biology) it should come as no surprise that the behavior of electrons, elements, and molecules is also extremely complex. We as a species have spent many centuries of unified time and uncountable person-millennia of effort grappling with aspects of the complexity of chemical behavior, before discovering relatively recently that everything is derived from quantum mechanics and none of the simple mathematical models are particularly valid. The discovery of quantum mechanics started in the early 1900s to the 1920s or so in the physics community and has led to a progressive series of major improvements in the way we think about the world that is still underway. The information gained has led to our disastrous exploration of nuclear fission in heavy elements but also to the development of much more potent instrumentation, semiconductors, computers, and a better, if not necessarily more comforting, understanding of the universe that we live in. Looking at chemistry specifically, our goal as a species needs to be to do as little chemistry as possible while still ensuring our survival. Where chemical reactions are unavoidable, we need to take care to ensure that the resulting waste is as non-toxic, biodegradable, and/or easily denaturable as possible. Simple molecules such as carbon dioxide can cause problems when emitted in bulk, and more complex molecules tend to be nastier in much lower quantities and concentrations (eg polychlorinated biphenyls/PCBs). As creatures with cellular machinery that is mostly made of organic molecules, we are going to be most interested in organic reactions despite our historical inability to make much sense of the complicated electronics and molecular orbitals of organic reactions. Unfortunately, this means that we will not be able to skip as many of the details, and if I want to try for complete coverage I would expect to see a few tens of posts. The main difference between general and organic chemistry is that a significant fraction (possibly even most) of the general chemistry material is obsolete and/or irrelevant, while the majority of organic chemistry material is both important and relevant. So this may take a while, and I’m going to wish that I still had access to the ChemDoodle software that is set up for organic structures. On ubuntu linux, the GChemPaint program seems similar and is free, and I guess that I’m about to find out how well that it works. I will do my best to relate concepts back to the mental picture of how chemical compounds interact that you are hopefully building up as I introduce them, but as always things are usually going to be messy. The list of high level topics in organic chemistry as defined by my undergraduate study guide is as follows: structure, bonding, intermolecular forces of organic molecules, acids and bases in organic reactions, nomenclature, isomers, principles of kinetics and energy in organic reactions, preparation and reactions of (alkenes, alkynes, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, sulfides, carboxylic acids, amines, aromatic compounds), organic reaction mechanisms, principles of conjugation and aromaticity, and spectroscopy. I have not yet decided if this is the order in which I would like to present these concepts, but hopefully you can see that this is a large amount of material. As a final note, organic chemistry is mostly the chemistry of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen with trace quantities of several other elements participating at times. Organic molecules are interesting both because of the wide range of properties and behaviors that they exhibit and also because of our desire to understand our biology, and we are studying mainly the chemistry of the 1s, 2s, and 2p valence orbitals in small atoms.
“Glad you asked, I can not write all of them therefore I will only write small part of them. My English is not the best, so I might have done some mistakes. Please oversee them.
Allah saying he created the sky in 7 layers: The universe expends into itself like the shape of a snail shell with impuls expension. If the universe were 2.7 degrees colder it would not be able to expand because the expansion comes from the pulling power of energy. According to math, considering the age of our universe it expanded onto itself exactly 8 times. The first expension was the start of everything, the other 7 ones were the layers. The think translated as sky is actually the universe.
Zülkarneyn: In Quran Zülkarneyn is a time traveller, he went to the future and come back to his timeline. Now tell me, how can we travel in time? Schawarzschild did not believe that blackhole would lead to the bended singular funnel. And later on we found out that if you can bend the space plane hard enough you can actually travel in time. You go to the negative universe. You would have a worm whole alike tunnel leading to the other side of universe also known as "Rosen Bridge". And the word meaning of "Zülkarneyn" in Arabic is " two horns ". Those are the two sides of rosen bridge. Present and the future. Do you think a human could know all those back in that time?
Hünnes and Künnes: The beginning of the universe is a white point (white whole) and the end will be a black whole. In Quran white point is called "KÜNNES" and the black whole is called as "HÜNNES". Most of the imams translating Quran still does not know the meaning of those two words. But if you read the Quran carefully you will see that Tekvir 14 has the meaning " There is no more (need to say more). I swear by that Hünnes (those who contracted into the Black Hole) and Künnes (those who jumped out of it). " Supernovas are the procces of Hünnes and Künnes bein separated.
Kehf 86: That is again about Zülkarneyn. "Till, when he reached the setting place of the sun, he found it setting in a muddy spring".
Muddy spring = cocoon = Blackhole! In Arabic it also has the meaning "Door / window / passage". At the zero angle of the conjugate plane of the ring singularity and at a speed adjusted to the rotational speed of the black hole, it is 565-595 meters from a distance without entering the singularity. (look at "Babüssema" verses.) a SKY GATE opens. There in the place with infinite universes, Allah helps him to find the right one. Lets continue with kehf 86; "and found a people thereabout: We said: O Dhul-Qarneyn! Either punish or show them kindness" " He found people!" >>>>> This was OUR universe. There, among millions of universe gates he found ours. This is a miracle. And "all miracles are from Allah" "The place where the sun rises" >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ?????????????????????? Suns rise through clouds of gas and dust. But where does anyone come from from the black hole singularity where the sun sets? ??? Yes From The Bridge At The End. Because if a person has entered a black hole as the first reason; as the second reason, he automatically travels out of the Künnes(white hole). That was the second reason: the Black Hole always pulls out what it swallows from behind, vomits what it swallows. "90: and after a while, when he reached the place where the sun rose, he found it rising over a people whom we had not made a shelter for them against it." "he was born upon a people for whom we had not made a shelter against him." "he found it born on a community that we did not make a trench for." What's the trench here? (Black hole cocoon is trench! A black hole always swallows.) Kehf-83 and 84 "They ask you about Dhul-Qarnayn."WHO'S ASKING? Past ones? NO, THE FUTURE! How? Let's write the verses and see <> Kaf/83: they also ask you about Dhul-Qarnayn: say: "I will recite to you a memory from him." <> Kehf / 84: we have prepared for him power and rule on Earth, and we have given him every reason. < > Kehf / 85: he also followed a reason. < > Kehf/86: until, when he reached the place where the sun set, he found it setting in a dark clay eye. And he found with him a people. We said, "O Dhul-Qarnayn, either you punish them or you take a good attitude towards them." <> Kahf/87: he said, "We will punish the wrongdoer, then he will be returned to his Lord, and he will bring him to an unseen punishment." <> Kaf/88: "as for him who believes and does good deeds, he has the best reward. And we shall tell him of our command that which is easy." < > Kehf / 89: then followed another reason. <> Kaf/90: after a while, when he reached the place where the sun rose, he found it rising over a people whom we had not made a shelter for them against it. < > Kehf / 91: that's it! And we encompassed all that was with him with our knowledge. < > Kehf / 92: then again followed a reason. < > Kehf / 93: finally, reached between two sets. And he found among the sets a people who barely understood the word. < > Kehf / 94: They Said ," O Dhul-Qarnayn! GOG and Magog spread corruption in this land. Shall we tax you on the condition that you build a set between them and US?" < > Kaf/95: he said, "the power and power that my Lord holds me in is greater. Give me your strength, and I will draw a great barrier between them and you." < > Kaf / 96: "bring me masses of iron!"When the two ends are exactly equal, they say, "blow!" said. And when he made it a fire, he said, "Bring Me molten copper., "he cried. < > Kehf / 97: they could neither overcome it nor pierce it. < > Kehf / 98: he said, "This is a mercy from my Lord. And when the promise of my lord comes, he will destroy it. And the promise of my Lord is true." < > Kaf/99: on that day we will leave them, and they will fluctuate among each other. Sur uflenmi; they shall all gather together. < > Kahf / 100: on that day we will present Hell to the unbelievers.. Now let's look at 83. <> Kaf/83: they also ask you about Dhul-Qarnayn: say: "I will recite to you a memory from him." A moment will be told. Note: the moment???? You keep that in mind and write the verse that goes on. <> Kehf / 84: we have prepared for him power and rule on Earth, and we have given him every reason. Earth >>> why Earth? (Earth=our Earth in our universe/not in one of the parallel universes! On two separate dates, there are two identical G R O U N D / EARTH, for which the name Dhul-Qarnayn >>> means the owner of two separate times in the same place (in Arz). ONE EARTH AT TWO SEPARATE TIMES... He also wants us to address the opposite. How? Two separate worlds in one time? In one time, but two separate worlds? ???? Gog-Magog WILL be buried in this projection of the other earth. So here okay? Remember our projection world? Here, a dark place forms the beam of our world, that is, it reveals a second Earth. What's a beam? The tangent is a single point value, while the beam (called The Great Wall) enters from two points. For this, Dhul-Qarnayn means "the owner of the beam that goes in and out of two points". Künnes is so polarizing the world inside that at an angle of 45 degrees, another radiant world appears that will form a beam to ours. IT'S ALSO TWO SEPARATE WORLDS... So now, I am asking you... Could all those things that we are recently avare of be written by a person at that age? Thank you.”
있다 when used as "have" or "in/at location" is an adjective Example of difference between 이/가 and 은/는 - 는/은 has a role of indicating that something is being compared with something else. 고양이는 집 뒤에 있다 = The cat is behind the house The speaker is saying that the cat is behind the house (in comparison to something else that is not behind the house).
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Remove 하다 from verb/adj to create nouns e.g. 해복하다 (happy) -> 행복 (happiness) Adjectives cannot act on object (no 을/를)
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Adjective - add ㄴ for vowel (큰); add 은 for constant (좋은); add 는 if adj ends in 있다 (맛있는) ~도 particle (meaning "also") replaces other particles 은/는 을/를
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Attached subject particle to 저/나 (I/me) changes them to 제가/내가 How to avoid saying 당신:
너 is acceptable for informal (changes to 네가, pronounced "knee-ga")
Conjugating verbs in plain form:
Past - add 았/었/였 e.g. 먹었다 (note - 했다 is shorted 하였다, but in some situations e.g. street signs, it is left as 하였다)
Present - add ㄴ/는다 depending on consonant/vowel e.g 먹는다, 배운다
Future - add 겠다 e.g. 먹겠다
Conjugating adjectives in plain form:
Past - add 았/었/였
Present - do nothing! e.g. 크다
Future - 겠다
Note that sometimes 있다 is a verb (e.g. -고 있다), so 있다 can be conjugated both ways depending on whether it is a verb or adj
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Conjugating in informal form: Past - 봤어, 먹었어, 했어 Present - 봐, 먹어, 해 Future - 보겠어, 먹겠어, 하겠어 Conjugating in polite form: Past - 봤어요, 먹었어요, 했어요 Present - 봐요, 먹어요, 해요 Future - 보겠어요, 먹겠어요, 하겠어요 Conjugating in formal form: Past - 봤습니다, 먹었습니다, 했습니다 Present - 봅니다, 먹습니다, 합니다 Future - 보겠습니다, 먹겠습니다, 하겠습니다
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Irregulars - almost all apply when adding vowel to stem (very common): ㅅ - e.g. 짓다 (to build) - ㅅ is removed, so becomes 지었어, 지어요 etc. [씻다, 웃다 are regular though] ㄷ - e.g. 걷다 (to walk) - ㄷ becomes ㄹ e.g. 걸어, 걸었어요 [받다, 닫다 are regular though] ㅂ - e.g. 쉽다 (easy) - ㅂ changes to 우 e.g. 쉬워, 어려워, 귀여워 ㅂ - e.g. 돕다 (to help) - ㅂ changes to 오 e.g. 도와요, 고와 The ㅂ irregular is common in adjectives, so when inside sentence, will change to e.g. 귀여운, 새로운 [잡다, 넓다 are regular though] ㅡ - when conjugating, need to decide how to conjugate (with 아/어) based on vowel in 2nd-last syllable (if there is one) e.g. 바쁘다 becomes 바빠 예쁘다 becomes 예뻐 잠그다 becomes 잠가 슬프다 becomes 슬퍼 크다 becomes 커 르 - when final syllable is 르, another ㄹ is added to preceding syllable, and 르 becomes 라/러 e.g. 다르다 becomes 달라요 빠르다 becomes 발라요 부르다 becomes 불러요 ㄹ - mainly concerned with creating adjectives and the plain & formal conjugations When final letter is ㄹ and you have a choice of ㄴ/는, ㄴ/은, ㅂ/습, ㄹ/을, always choose the first and remove the ㄹ! e.g. 길다 (long) -> 긴 거리 (long street), 깁니다 (formal) 멀다 (far away) -> 먼 병원 (far away hospital), 멉니다 (formal) 열다 (to open) -> 연다 (plain), 엽니다 (formal) Can get confusing with 듣다 and 들다 due to conjugations and irregulars - have to tell difference from context End of chapter 7 also has link to irregular quick reference guide.
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~에 used for when/where e.g. 저는 가을에 공원 옆에 병원을 지었어요 (x2 에) Exceptions - 오늘, 내일, and 어제 do not use 에 Adverbs - a lot can be made by adding 게 on verb stem (e.g. 다르게 - differently), but 하다 verbs sometimes use 히 to replace 하다 e.g. 조용하다 -> 조용히. Confusingly, 게 can also usually be used - 조용하게. Adverbs like 많이 and 빨리 don't use 게/히. 저는 많은 밥을 먹었어요 and 저는 밥을 많이 먹었어요 have the same meaning. On 안 and ~지 않다: For 하다 verbs it is common to separate the noun and 하다 and put 안 in between (e.g. 저는 공부를 안 했어요), you can do the same with -지 않다 but not quite so common. But you absolutely can't do it with adjectives. 안 is effectively a negative adverb, and having two adverbs act on the same verb is awkward, so should use ~지 않다 (or better yet, use the adverb with the opposite meaning i.e. 'slowly' instead of 'not quickly') 아니다 is separate word and requires 이/가 particle, in contrast to 이다 싫다 has a stronger meaning as "don't like" so is fine to use in place of 싫어하다. As a result, if you want to say something is bad, 나쁘다 is more common.
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Conjugating 이다: Plain - 이다 (or even just 다 of noun ends with vowel) Informal - 이야 for consonant, (이)야 for vowel (can drop the 이 if you want). 아니다 becomes 아니야. Polite - 이에요 for consonant, 예요 for vowel. 아니다 should be 아니에요, but is a common mistake to be written as 아니예요 Formal - 입니다 (although 이 can be dropped for nouns ending in vowels e.g. 의삽니다) Past: Plain - 이었다 (or can be shortened to 였다 if noun ends in vowel, but don't have to) Informal - 이었어 (optional contraction to 였어 for vowel-ending word) Polite - 이었어요 (optional 였어요 for vowel) Formal - 이었습니다 (optional 였습니다 for vowel). 아니다 is 아니었[다,어,어요,습니다], but 아니였… is common mistake Rest of lesson 9 is about ㄹ/을 것이다 future tense. 것 often shortened to 거, so 것이에요 and 거예요 are both fine. 할 거에요 is a common mistake. For the ㄹ irregular, it looks like nothing happens e.g. 열+ㄹ/을 거예요 = 열 거예요. 이다 can be future-conjugated e.g. 선생님일 거예요, but using 되다 is quite common e.g. 선생님이 될 거예요. Both are fine. However, when talking about someone else, using 일 거예요 is often a guess in the present tense e.g. 그 사람이 의사일 거예요 = That person is probably a doctor.
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Sino-korean numbers 백 - 100; 천 - 1000; 억 - 100 million. Weirdly have to say 일억 for 100mil, for 십/백/천/만 don't need 일. 조 (일조) is 1 trillion. Used in Money Measuring (?) Maths Phone numbers Time, except hours Names of months Can count months, but so can pure korean For pure korean, even though it goes up to 99, rarely used above 60 (switch to sino-korean). Used in Counting things/people/actions Hours Sometimes months Common counters - 개 (thing), 명 (people), 번 (behaviours/actions - often for how many times something was done, or 'this/last/next time'). If you can't remember correct counter, can usually get away with 개. The words 1, 2, 3, 4 and 20 change when adding a counter: 1 = 하나 -> 한 2 = 둘 -> 두 3 = 셋 -> 세 4 = 넷 -> 네 20 = 스물 -> 스무 Use of counter is noun-number-counter e.g. 사람 두 명. Can use a less common way of number-counter의-noun e.g. 두 명의 사람 영 and 공 are both Chinese origin, but 영 is more like the number, whereas 공 is like 'nothing'. Usually use 영, but 공 is used in phone numbers. 두시 삼십분 = 2시 30분 = 2:30 살 is counter for ages 몇 살이에요? 저는 열하나 살이에요 번째 is counter for first/second/third etc. Never say 한 번째 though, it's always 첫 번째. In certain situations, gets contracted - e.g. 첫 번째 = 첫째 = first 두 번째 = 둘째 = second 세 번째 = 셋째 = third 네 번째 = 넷째 = fourth Usually when talking about children (우리 둘째 아들 or just 우리 둘째예요) or making a list (first I have to do this, secondly...) 마지막 means "last", but only when referring to the last thing in a sequence, so it's more like final/finally e.g. 이것은 저의 마지막 수업이에요 = This is my last class 처음 - first time Two most common use cases: 1. 처음에 … (at first/in the beginning) e.g. 처음에 그 여자를 싫어했어요 = I didn’t like that girl at first 2. As an adverb e.g. 저는 어제 선생님을 처음 만났어요 = I met my teacher for the first time yesterday
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개월 is Chinese origin, so use sino-korean numbers. 달 is pure korean, so use korean numbers 동안 - for a duration of time e.g. 10분 동안. No -에 attached. 시간 - hour(s). 시 - o'clock 지난 - previous e.g. 지난 주에 영화를 봤어요 Weirdly, 지난 시간 can be uses to mean "last (previous) time" e.g. 저는 그것을 지난 시간에 배웠어요 = I learned that (thing) last time Can also use 번 to mean the time something happened though e.g. 저는 그것을 지난 번에 배웠어요 = I learned that (thing) last time 다음 - next Days - 일/날/하루 일 is never used alone, it's always attached to another word (alone it usually means 'work') e.g. 현충일 = Memorial day 일 is also the counter for days e.g. 나는 3일 동안 공부했어 = I studied for 3 days There are also separate words for 1 day, 2 days, etc. up to 10, but only 하루 (1 day) is used more often than 1일. e.g. 저는 하루 동안 여행했어요 = I traveled for 1 day 일 also used for day of the month e.g. 3월 2일 = March 2nd 날 cannot be counted, is used only for talking about a specific day e.g. 저는 그 날에 갔어요 = I went on that day e.g. 우리는 두 번째 날에 서울에 갔어요 = We went to Seoul on the second day 첫날 refers to the first day 주 - week(s) e.g. 저는 다음 주에 미국에 갈 거예요 e.g. 저는 2주 동안 한식을 안 먹었어요 = I didn’t eat Korean food for 2 weeks 주일 can also be used as counter for weeks, but not common Month(s) - 달/개월 달 and 개월 can be used interchangeably, just that 달 is pure korean and 개월 is sino-korean so respective number systems must be used. 이번 is similar to 지난 and 다음, meaning "this" e.g. 저는 이번 주에 계획이 없어요 = I have no plans this week Similarly to 지난 시간, can use 이번 시간 to mean this time, but usually just use 이번에 instead. 다음 번에 and 지난 번에 to mean next/previous time also common. 년 - year(s) If you want to say “last/next year” in Korean, you can’t use “지난/다음/이번 년.” Instead, you must use separate words: 작년 = last year 내년 = next year 올해 = this year e.g. 나는 내년에 한국에 갈 거야 = I will go to Korea next year For some reason it is common to omit ~에 when using 올해 "Per" - add ~에 to the unit of time e.g. 저는 이 약을 하루에 두 번 먹어요 = I take this medicine twice per day
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몇 can take place of a number to mean "some" e.g. 사과 몇 개를 샀어 = I bought some apples Adding ~들 (plural) is unnatural unless referring to a person (i.e. 사람들 or actors, doctors, etc.) ~만 - only Can separate 하다 verbs and use 만 e.g. 저는 어제 일만 했어요 = Yesterday, I only worked 만 will replace 을/를 and 은/는, but gets appended on everything else e.g. 우리는 학교에만 갔어요 = We only went to school ~에서 - location in which subject is doing something. Other main useage is as "from". 여기에서 gets shortened to 여기서 (and same for 거기 and 저기. ~부터 seems similar to ~에서, but 부터 specifically indicates the time/place that something starts from (example is ~에서 for a bus departing from a stop, ~부터 for departing from bus garage at start of route), and seems for location ~에서 will generally be more natural. Main use of 부터 is for time, including to mean "since". ~까지 used with 에서 or 부터 (or neither) to mean "to/until a place/time" e.g. 저는 그 책을 처음부터 끝까지 읽었어요 = I read that book from start to finish ~(으)로 - mainly to indicate with what tool/device/method/material something is carried out. Other uses:
language used 한국어로
what you ate for specific meal 아침식사로 밥을 먹었어요
order in which you did smthg 저는 학교에 두 번째로 왔어요 = I came to school second (I was the second person to come to school)
Other main use is direction e.g. 집으로 갈 거예요 = I will go home e.g. 저의 친구는 저 쪽으로 갔어요 = My friend went that way
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~과/와, ~랑/이랑 and ~하고 can all be used interchangeably to mean “and” e.g. 사과와 바나나를 샀어 They also all mean "with" e.g. 친구와 집에 갔어요 = I went home with my friend 같이 and 함께 also mean "with", and can be used with 과/와 etc. or without e.g. 빵을 같이 먹었어요 = We ate bread together e.g 빵을 친구와 함께 먹었어요 = I ate bread with a friend 와/과 more likely to be used for writing and formal speech; (이)랑 more likely for other speech. 함께 more likely for writing and formal, but 같이 is somehow the much more common word. So pick the correct combination! (It's ok to use 같이 with ~어요 endings) ~에게 (written, formal), 한테 (converstaional), 께 (honorific) used for doing something (usually giving) to someone ~에게서/한테서 is used when somebody receives something from somebody. The “thing” that is being received doesn’t need to be something physical. It could be something abstract like stories or explanations. e.g. 저는 교감선생님에게서 한국어를 배웠어요= I learned Korean from my vice principal e.g 저는 그것을 친구한테서 들었어요 = I heard that from my friend ~(으)로부터 can also be attached to the person from whom one receives something, but a difference from 에게서/한테서 is that it can also be attached to a non-person e.g. 나는 돈을 정부로부터 받았어 = I received money from the government ~을/를 위해(서) - doing something for (the benefit of) somebody e.g. 나의 여자 친구를 위해(서) 꽃을 샀어= I bought flowers for my girlfriend The ~서 is completely optional, there is no difference in meaning Can also be used on non-person (e.g. for company) ~에 대해 - "about", seems to be "(verb) about..." e.g. 나는 너에 대해 생각했어 = I thought about you e.g.나는 나의 아버지에 대해 말했어 = I spoke about my father Again, ~서 is completely optional
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Passive verbs Passive sentences indicate that an action is performed on the subject. For example: I was kicked The door was opened The hamburger was eaten Because passive verbs cannot act on an object, you will never see ~을/를 in a sentence predicated by a passive verb. Note that passive verbs feel a bit unnatural in Korean, but they need to be understood. When dealing with 하다 verbs, most of the time you can simply exchange 하다 with 되다, to make that verb passive. You will always need to be careful with your particles. To indicate the person doing the action, can use ~에게. To indicate non-person (company etc.), can use ~에 or ~에 의해. Active: 학생들은 그것을 이해했어요 = The students understood that Passive: 그것은 학생들에게 이해되었어 = It was understood by the students Active: 아버지는 집을 청소했어요 = My dad cleaned the house Passive: 집은 아버지에게 청소되었어 = The house was cleaned by my dad Passive: 점심이 학교에 준비되었어요 = The lunch was provided by the school Using ~(으)로 might also be appropriate. Passive: 집은 청소기로 청소되었어요 = the house was cleaned by a vacuum cleaner The other option for making a 하다 verb passive is to make it 받다 (to receive). Active: 저는 저의 형을 존경해요 = I respect my brother Passive: 저의 형은 존경 받아요 = My brother is respected Non-하다 verbs: Often the difference is the addition/removal of an extra 지/이/히, but there is no pattern to which is the longer word 켜다 to turn on/켜지다 to be turned on 끓이다 to boil/끓다 to be boiled Need to think whether passive verb is also indicating the state of something, in which case need to add ~아/어 있다 to the passive verb e.g. 컴퓨터가 켜져 있어요 = The computer is on e.g. 문이 닫혀 있어요 = The door is closed A lot of active verbs end in 내다 (e.g. 끝내다, to finish). The passive form is 나다 (e.g. 끝나다) e.g. 숙제는 끝났어요 = My homework is finished e.g 컴퓨터는 고장 났어요 = The computer is broken Sometimes the passive 나다 verb is conjugated in the past when in English it is in the present e.g. 아! 그것이 기억났다! = Ah! I remember that! e.g. 땀이 났어요 = I’m sweating But it makes sense - you remembesweat just before, not as you are speaking But if the sentence is negative it is present tense: 나는 그것이 기억 안 나 = I don’t remember that For other verbs except 하다/내다 and verbs that can be in a state, can add ~아/어지다 to make it passive: 주다 = to give 주어지다 = to be given e.g. 기회가 주어졌어요 = I was given a chance
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An explanation on the use of 좋다 to mean "I like" - the key is the use of particles 김치는 좋아요 = Kimchi is good 저는 김치를 좋아해요 = I like kimchi 저는 김치가 좋아요 = I like kimchi Another example is 그립다 (to miss a non-person, but describes the feeling so is actually an adjective) 저는 한국 음식이 그리워요 = I miss Korean food 들다 - meaning depends massively on context Two of the most common usages are: 들다 = to carry/hold something 들다 = to entego into something/somewhere e.g. 나는 동아리에 들었어 = I joined a club (I “entered” a club) e.g. 잠이 들었다 = I fell asleep (I “entered” sleep) e.g. 저는 그 그림이 마음에 들어요 = I like that picture (That picture enters my heart) e.g. 저는 손을 들었어요 = I raised my hand (I “held up” my hand/carried my hand) e.g. 저는 가방을 들었어요 = I carried the/my bag Compound verbs - one one verb to another with 아/어 e.g. 들다 (enter) + 가다 = 들어가다 - to go into to e.g. 들다 + 오다 = 들어오다 - to come into e.g. 나다 (come out) + 가다 = 나가다 - to go out e.g 가지다 (to own/have) + 오다 = 가져오다 - to bring e.g. 돌다 (to turn) + 가다 = 돌아가다 - to go back e.g. 돌리다 (to turn smthng) + 주다 = 돌려주다 - to give back 같다 translates to "same" but when nothing is being compared, usually use 똑같다 e.g. 우리는 똑같아요 = We are exactly the same When comparing things with 다르다/비슷다/같다, can use any of the particles 와/과/랑/이랑/하고 attached to one of the things e.g. 저는 친구와 비슷해요 = I am similar to my friend e.g. 그 건물은 어제와 달라요 = That building is different from yesterday e.g. 우리 학교와 이 학교는 똑같아요 = Our school and this school are exactly the same 다르다 often used to mean "other". If you want to say "another" (like "additional") use 또 다르다 (또 is adverb for when something happens again). e.g. 또 다른 문제는 그것이 비싸요 = Another problem is it (that thing) is expensive Homonyms Some have very distinct meanings (쓰다 = write/use/wear a hat) Some have similar meanings of you break it down 걸리다 = to be in state of hanging /caught/stuck/trapped /to take a certain amount of time /to catch a cold/sickness But think - The picture is caught (hanging) on the wall I was caught (tripped) over the line 2 hours are caught (taken) to get from Seoul to Incheon Sickness e.g. 팔이 아파요 = My arm is sore (아프다 is an adjective) e.g. 저는 감기에 걸렸어요 = I caught a cold/I have a cold (~에 is used, nuance of being stuck 'in' something. Also past tense even though currently have cold)
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~적/적으로/적이다 적 is attached to some nouns to change into a descriptive word e.g. 역사 = history, 역사적 = historical e.g. 과학 = science, 과학적 = scientific Adding ~적으로 makes it an adverb e.g. 경제적으로 = economically e.g. 그것은 경제적으로 가능하지 않아요 = That isn’t economically possible Adding ~적이다 makes it an adjective e.g. 저 학교는 역사적인 건물이에요 = That school is a historical building Can technically rearrange sentence to just use ~적 instead of ~적인 (e.g. 이 건물은 역사적 건물이다 = This building is a historical building), but unnatural ~스럽다 is similar to ~적 - it can be attached to some nouns to transform into adjective e.g. 사랑스럽다 = lovely Then goes on to have a complicated distiction of 실망하다 (verb describimg feelings of disappointment) and 실망스럽다 (adjective describing something disappointing) e.g. 저는 친구에게 실망했어요 = I was disappointed in my friend e.g. 저는 영화에 실망했어요 = I was disappointed in the movie e.g. 그 영화는 조금 실망스러웠어요 = The movie was a little bit disappointing e.g. 저는 그 영화가 실망스러웠어요 = I was disappointed in that movie Using as adjective in middle of sentence: e.g. 우리 딸은 사랑스러운 여자예요 = Our daughter is a loving/lovely girl Using as adverb: e.g. 저는 그를 사랑스럽게 봤어요 = I looked at him lovingly
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~고 Most basic - one action occurs then something else happens e.g. 저는 밥을 먹고 갈 거예요 = I will eat then go Can also use ~고 나서 e.g. 저는 숙제를 끝내고 나서 집으로 갈 거예요= I will finish my homework and then go home ~고 can also be used to connect two similar clauses - it kind of serves as "and" for verbs/adjectives e.g. 저는 과일도 좋아하고 야채도 좋아해요 (but can also just say 저는 과일과 야채도 좋아해요) e.g. 저의 여자 친구는 귀엽고 예뻐요 Usually first adj/verb is not conjugated, but in some instances they are: A long time passed between connected actions e.g. 저는 열심히 공부했고 의사가 되었어요 = I studied hard and (then) became a doctor Both past tense, but no real relation (i.e. didn't happen one after the other) e.g. 저는 방학 동안 영어 문법을 많이 공부했고 영어 신문도 많이 읽었어요 = During vacation I studied a lot of English grammar, and I also read a lot of English newspapers Common to see 은/는 in both clauses connected with ~고 for comparison e.g. 이 산은 높고 저 산은 낮아요 = This mountain is high, but that mountain is low ~아/어서 Another way of indicating one happens after another, the first verb is never conjugated to past tense ~아/어서 more likely to be used than ~고 when the first action is "intrinsically linked" with second. Example given is with 오다 and 가다 - if in first clause, will always use 아/어서. e.g. 저는 학교에 가서 공부할 거예요 = I will go to school and then study e.g. 우리는 집에 와서 바로 잤어요 = We came home and went to sleep immediately Also always have to use ~아/어서 with "positional verbs" e.g. 앉다, 서다 (to stand), and 눕다 (to lie down) Note that ~고 싶다 can only be used with verbs (adjectives use ~아/어지다, "become adjective"). For wanting an object, use 원하다 e.g. 책을 원해요 Negating ~고 싶다: e.g. 저는 술을 안 마시고 싶어요 = I don’t want to drink alcohol e.g. 저는 울고 싶지 않아요 = I don’t want to cry More differences between 는/은 and 이/가 (aside from 는 being for comparison): 는/은 is used for general statements, 이/가 used for specifics, usually that you are experiencing e.g. 산은 높다 = mountains are high e.g. 산이 높다 = that mountain that I've noticed is high e.g. 여름 날씨는 좋아요 = summer weather is good e.g. 날씨가 좋아요 = the weather is good That's why we say 비가 오다, since it's not generally raining, you're 'experiencing' the rain
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~고 있다 - present progressive (있다 is verb here) e.g. 여자들은 지금 영화를 보고 있어요 = The girls are watching a movie now Can be conjugated to past tense, but normally would just conjugate to past without 고 있다. Same for future tense. 살고 있디 is common for saying where you live. Interesting that in that context you can use ~에 or ~에서, but 에서 maybe more common. 알고 있다 is just as common as 알다 for saying "I know" To say ok/I understand, 알겠다 or 알았다 are equally common 가지다 is to have/possess, but using it as 가지고 있다 is more natural(?). Typically don't use ~고 있다 with positional verbs - instead use ~아/어 있다 to indicate state e.g. 나는 앉아 있어 = I’m sitting e.g. 그 돼지는 살아 있어요 = That pig is living (alive) Cannot use ~고 있다 with adjectives Can add ~아/어지다 to adjectives to say you are becoming (adjective) e.g. 행복해지다 = to get/become happy e.g. 날씨가 매일 밤에 추워져요 = The weather gets cold every night e.g. 대학교 수업은 내년에 어려워질 거예요 = University classes will get difficult next year Adding ~아/어지다 turns it into a verb which means you can then add ~고 있다 or ~고 싶다! e.g. 집 값은 비싸지고 있어 = House prices are getting expensive e.g. 나는 행복해지고 싶어 = I want to become happy (I want to be happy)
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더 - more (Adjectives) e.g. 라면은 더 매워요 = Ramen is spicier e.g. 저는 더 넓은 집에서 살고 싶어요 = I want to live in a bigger (wider) house (Verbs) e.g. 저는 밥을 더 먹을 거예요 = I will eat more (Adverbs) e.g. 저는 더 열심히 공부할 거예요 = I will study harder (조금) e.g. 이 방은 조금 더 좁아요 = This room is a little bit smaller (Counters) e.g. 사람 두 명이 더 올 거예요 = Two more people will come (좋다) e.g. 그 학생의 태도가 더 좋아요 = That student’s attitude is better (많다) e.g. 저는 돈이 더 많아요 = I have more money ~보다 for specific comparisons The 더 is generally optional (Adjectives) e.g. 선생님들은 학생들보다 더 똑똑해요 = Teachers are smarter than students (Verbs) e.g. 나는 어제보다 밥을 더 먹었어 = I ate more than yesterday (Adverbs) e.g. 저는 작년보다 더 열심히 공부할 거예요 = I will study harder than last year (Counters) e.g. 나는 친구보다 펜이 두 개 더 있어 = I have two more pens than my friend 낫다 is very much like 좋다, but it is more naturally used when a specified comparison is being made. Therefore, it is common to see 낫다 used in sentences with ~보다. e.g. 라면보다 밥이 더 나아요 = Rice is better than Ramen 낫다 also common when saying you got better after being ill e.g. 병은 나았어 = I’m better ~보다 also commonly attached to 평소 (usual) and 생각 (thought) e.g. 나는 평소보다 더 공부하고 있어 = I am studying more than usual e.g. 도심은 생각보다 멀어요 = Downtown is further than I thought 덜 means "less" but it's more natural to form the sentence a different way and use 더 Superlatives - 가장 or 제일 (latter more often for speech) e.g. 가족은 가장 중요해요 = Family is the most important e.g. 나는 수학을 가장 좋아해 = I like math most (math is my favorite) e.g. 저는 사과를 제일 싫어해요 = I dislike apples the most
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잘 & 잘하다 - to do something well e.g. 나는 공부를 잘해 = I study well e.g. 나는 잘 공부해 = I study well The former has the nuance that you are good at it, the latter that you are studying hard because of some situation e.g. upcoming test e.g. 나는 공부를 잘 해 (separating 공부 from 하다) 못 & 못하다 - to do something poorly e.g. 나는 수영을 못해 = I am bad at swimming ~지 못하다 is identical to 못 Beware 못 though, because it also means you can't do something (like something is preventing you from doing it) e.g. 저는 어제 못 잤어요 = I didn't sleep well yesterday OR I couldn't sleep yesterday Also contrast it with 전 어제 안 잤어요 = I didn't sleep yesterday - there's no implication of something preventing you from sleeping Another example of 안/못 difference: “Did you hear what I say?” (내 말을 들었어?) "아니. 안 들었어." - Incorrect (probably) "아니. 못 들었어." - Correct To remove ambiguity over 못, can use 잘 못 (space between words) which is specifically not doing something well e.g. 저는 어제 시험을 잘 못 봤어요 = I didn’t do good on the exam yesterday Be careful of 질못 (no space) which is a noun meaning "mistake" 잘 and 못 are quite common with superlatives and comparitives e.g. 저는 수영을 작년보다 더 잘해요 = I am better at swimming than last year e.g. 우리 아들은 축구를 가장 잘해요 = Our (my) son is the best at soccer
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~ㅂ/습니까 and ~니 are the question endings for formal and informal respectively. (Although ~니 makes it sound feminine, so a man might just keep ~아/어 ending) ~ㄴ/은가(요) is another question ending for informal/(polite) but only for adjectives, amd can only be used for present tense. It is considered a "soft" way of asking a question. Can also be attached to 이다, and 아닌가요 is a common way of ending a sentence to doubt yourself or ask for confirmation, agreement e.g. 너무 복잡해! 아닌가? = This is too complicated. Isn’t it? ~나(요) is another informal/polite ending, is soft, and common with verbs, 있다, 없다. Can be used in past tense, and the ~겠다 future tense. Unatural to use with 이다. 왜 - why. Usually goes before verb. Remember its use as "what" in English e.g. 어제 학교에 왜 안 갔어요? = Why didn’t you go to school yesterday? 언제 - when e.g. 집에 언제 갔어? = When did you go home? ~부터 and ~까지 can be attached to indicate form/until when e.g. 언제부터 아팠어요? = Since when have you been sick? 어제 can also be attached to 이다 to ask when something (a noun) is: e.g. 결혼식은 언제야? = When is the wedding? 어디 - where e.g. 어디 살아요? = Where do you live? The 에 in ~에 or ~에서 is often omitted: e.g. 그것을 어디서 하고 싶어요? = Where do you want to do that? Used with ~까지: e.g. 어디까지 가고 싶어요? = How far do you want to go? Use with 이다 to ask a person directly where they are or where a place is: e.g. 어디야? = Where are you? e.g. 너의 집이 어디야? = Where is your house? Use with 있다 to ask where another person or object is: e.g. 친구가 어디에 있어요? = Where is your friend? 누구 - who e.g. 너는 내일 누구(를) 만날 거야? = Who will you meet tomorrow? e.g. 그 사람은 누구야? = Who is that person? When 누구 is subject, it becomes 누가: e.g. 누가 내일 한국어를 공부할 거야? = Who will study Korean tomorrow?
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어떻게 - how (adverb form of 어떻다) e.g. 그 파일을 어떻게 보낼 거예요? = How are you going to send that file? Note in English you say "what do you think about...". In Korean, use 어떻게 e.g. 그 여자에 대해 어떻게 생각해요? = What do you think about that girl? 어떻다 gets conjugated to 어때(요) e.g. 남자 친구 어때? = What's your boyfriend like? e.g. 이 사진(이) 어때? = How about this picture? 뭐 and 무엇 - what. Both pronouns, ~을 more likely to be attached to 무엇, and 뭐 more likely to be used with 이다 e.g. 뭐 먹었어요? = What did you eat? e.g. 무엇을 먹었어? = What did you eat? e.g. 이름이 뭐예요? = What is your name? 무슨 - what. Used like an adjective but isn't technically one e.g. 무슨 영화를 보고 싶어요? = What movie do you want to see? e.g. 그것이 무슨 냄새야? = What is that smell? 무슨 vs 어떤 vs 어느 무슨 - almost unlimited choice of options, have no idea what answerer might say - "what" 어떤 - answerer has a limited number of choices - "which" 어떤 (2) - to ask about the properties or characteristics - could be translated as "what kind of" 어느 - limited choices - "which" e.g. 무슨 영화를 보고 싶어요? - speaker has no idea what answer could be e.g. 어떤 영화를 보고 싶어요? - speaker might have listed a few choices just before e.g. 어떤 영화를 보고 싶어요? - speaker asking the genre of movie e.g. 어느 영화를 보고 싶어요? - speaker might have listed a few choices just before Note with 어떤 and 어느, the speaker doesn't have to have limited the options, there might already exist a limited number e.g. the cinema is only showing 3 films One more unrelated use of 어떤 is to mean "some" e.g. 저는 어떤 책을 읽고 있었어요 = I was reading some book (the speaker doesn’t know exactly what book he was reading) 몇 - how many. Have to place 몇 before counter. e.g. 차가 몇 대 있어요? = How many cars do you have? e.g. 어제 학교에 몇 번 갔어요? = How many times did you go to school yesterday? Remember when used in a statement, 몇 has the meaning of some as in "a few" e.g. 친구를 몇 명 만났어요 = I met some friends 몇 also used to ask time and age: e.g. 몇 시예요? = What time is it? e.g. 몇 살이에요? = How old are you? 얼마나 - how many/much/to what extent e.g. 축구를 얼마나 잘 해요? = How well do you play soccer? e.g. 한국어를 얼마나 자주 공부해요? = How often do you study Korean? e.g. 돈을 얼마나 가져갈 거예요? = How much money will you take? e.g. 물을 얼마나 마셨어요? = How much water did you drink? Can also include 많이 when speaker knows the answer is 'a lot' bit wants to know just how much e.g. 그 여자를 얼마나 많이 사랑해요? = How much do you love that girl? If the question has a counter in it, use 몇 not 얼마나 얼마 - for asking how much something costs e.g. 이게 얼마예요? = How much is this? 이/가 vs 은/는 again 이/가 often used to give stress to the subject - seems linked to saying "X specifically/in particular" Summary of all uses so far: 은/는
to compare something
to state a general fact
이/가
to indicate something based on a recent experience/observation
to stress that the subject does the action (or is the adjective)
objects predictaed by adjectives e.g. 나는 학교가 싫다
objects before 아니다 e.g. 나는 학생이 아니다
objects predicated by 되다 e.g. 나는 의사가 되고 싶다
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Colours commonly have a ㅎ irregular, and when conjugating it the ㅎ is dropped e.g. 노랗다 -> 노란 (in-sentence adjective), 노래 (informal), 노랬어 (past informal) With colours, can either say e.g. 빨간 or 빨간색, it makes no difference Note some colour words do not have a normal adjective form e.g. 초록색 (green), 보라색 (purple) You can add ~의 to all 색 colours e.g. 저는 초록색(의) 펜으로 쓰고 싶어요 e.g. 저 노란색의 집이 예뻐요 But it's considered more natural not to do this Conjugating colour adjective normally or using 이다 are both acceptable e.g. 얼굴이 왜 빨개요? e.g. 얼굴이 왜 빨간색이에요? But 이다 in the above example has the nuance that your face is red due to having something on it, normal adjective conjugation is like you're blushing 이렇다 - like this e.g. 이런 일은 위험하다 = This type of work is dangerous e.g. 저는 이렇게 하고 싶어요 = I want to do it like this Sometimes the 이렇게 looks superfluous e.g. 이 일은 왜 이렇게 어려워요? = Why is this so hard but it's used to stress the 'why' 그렇다 - like that e.g. 저는 그런 사람을 믿지 않아요 = I don’t trust that type of person/those types of people e.g. 저는 그렇게 생각하지 않아요 = I don’t think like that 저렇다 - also 'like that', but further away than 그… e.g. 저는 저런 여자를 좋아하지 않아요 = I don’t like that kind of girl e.g. 저 사람이 왜 저렇게 걸어요? = Why is that person walking like that? The endless uses of 그렇다: e.g. 왜 그래? = What's wrong/what are you doing? e.g. 그래요. 같이 가요 = Sure (like that is fine). Let’s go together e.g. 그래요? 어디에 갔어요? = Really!? (It’s like that?) Where did you go? e.g. 그럼 = “Yes, like that.” e.g. 왜 그런지 몰라요 = “I don’t know why it is like that” e.g. 그럴 것 같아요 = “It is probably like that” e.g. 그래서 = “It is like that, so…” (Therefore) e.g. 그렇기 때문에 = “It is like that, so…" (Therefore) e.g. 그러면 = “If it is like that…” e.g. 그렇지만 = “Even though it is like that” e.g. 그랬으면 좋겠다 = “It would be nice if it is like that” e.g. 그럴까? = “Do you think it is like that?” e.g. 그런데 = “It is like that… so…” e.g. 그렇구나 = “Oh! It is like that” e.g. 그러네 = “Oh! It is like that” e.g. 그렇죠 = Sure, yep, it is like that Lesson ends with brief discussion of adding ~적 (changes noun to adjective) vs ~의 remains a noun. Doesn't look important.
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전 - When placed after time word, "ago", need to include ~에 e.g. 저는 2주 전에 남동생을 만났어요 = I met my brother 2 weeks ago 전 - after verb, "before". Need to use format ~기 전에. Note that the verb is not conjugated for tense. e.g 엄마가 오기 전에 나는 먹었어 = Before mom came, I ate e.g. 엄마가 오기 전에 나는 먹을 거야 = Before mom comes, I will eat ~이/가 typically used on first clause, ~은/는 on main clause, although depends on context Can drop subject in main clause sometimes: e.g. 나는 오기 전에 밥을 먹었어 = Before I came, I ate 후 - latefrom now e.g. 수업은 2분 후에 끝날 거예요 = Class will finish 2 minutes from now 후 - after (format is -ㄴ/은 후에) e.g. 밥을 먹은 후에 친구를 만났어요 = After I ate I met a friend 다음 can so be used in place of 후: e.g. 숙제가 끝난 다음에 나는 집에 갈 거예요 = After my homework is finished, I will go home 직전 and 직후 - 직 emphasises sometimes was done immediately before/after ~ㄴ/은 이래로 can be used in place of …후… to mean "since", but 후 seems to be the preferred choice so don't bother e.g. 한국에 온 후에 한국어를 배우고 있어요 = Aftesince coming to Korea, I have been learning Korean 안/이내 = within (time) 안 means inside (location) but can aslo be used with time. 이내 synonymous e.g. 나는 5년 이내에 외국어 다섯 개를 배우고 싶어 = I want to learn five languages within 5 years e.g. 나는 5년 안에 외국어 다섯 개를 배우고 싶어 = I want to learn five languages within 5 years
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모든 - every (basically an adjective, but has no stem) 모든 것 = everything 모든 사람 = all people/every person 다 - all (adverb, indicates all of something is done) e.g. 저는 소설을 다 읽었어요 = I read the whole book OR I read all the books 다 is more about doing one action to completion and leaving nothing behind. 모든 is indicating that the action was performed on all possible nouns 다 can also mean the same as 모든 though e.g. 사람들이 다 왔어요 = All the people have come 다 can also be used as a noun: e.g. 그게 다야? = Is that all? 모두 when used as adverb means same as 다: e.g. 선생님들은 모두 똑똑해요 = All teachers are smart 모두 when used as a pronoun means everybody/everthing: e.g. 모두가 이해했어요 = Everybody understood e.g. 나는 모두 이해했어 = I understood everything Note in latter example, object suffix 를 is omitted because it's technically still an adverb ~나 can be added to the words ‘where,’ ‘when,’ and ‘who’ to mean ‘everywhere,’ ‘every time,’ and ‘everyone.’ Particles are usually not added to these words. e.g. 밥은 어디나 맛이 똑같아요 = Rice tastes the same everywhere e.g. 그녀는 언제나 늦게 와요 = She comes late every time e.g. 누구나 그 여자를 알아요 = Everybody knows that girl ~ㄴ가 can be added to the words ‘what,’ ‘where,’ ‘when,’ and ‘who’ to mean ‘something,’ ‘somewhere,’ ‘sometime,’ and ‘somebody.’ Subject and object particles commonly omitted. e.g. 나는 방금 뭔가(를) 봤어 = I just saw something a minute ago e.g. 피가 어딘가에서 나오고 있어요 = Blood is coming out of somewhere e.g. 저는 언젠가 중국어도 배우고 싶어요 = I want to learn Chinese as well some day e.g. 누군가(는) 너를 찾고 있어 = Somebody is looking for you 어느 ('which' question word) can also be used to mean 'some', when the particular place etc. is not important, typically in stories e.g. 어느 마을에서 애기 두 명이 태어났다 = Two babies were born in some village e.g. 어느 날 = some day/a day Other question words that can be used to mean "some": e.g. 어디 갔어 = (They) went somewhere e.g. 우리가 이미 뭐 먹었어요 = We already ate something e.g. 나는 내일 누구 만날 거야 = Tomorrow I’m going to meet somebody 아무 - anybody Typically used with -나 particle (emphasises indifference to who) e.g. 나는 아무와나 사귀고 싶어 = I want to go out with anybody 아무도 - nobody (or could be still considered 'anybody' but negative). Needs to be cojugated in negative way or use negative word e.g. 집에 아무도 없어요 = There is nobody at home/There isn’t anybody at home 아무 can also be used before nouns (e.g. 거 (thing), 데 (place), 때 (time)) to mean anything etc. e.g. 아무 때나 좋아요 = Anytime is good 마다 - each/(every) e.g. 학생마다 달라요 = Each student is different e.g. 그 버스는 10분마다 와요 = That bus comes each/every 10 minutes
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~는 것
Present tense
add -ㄴ/은 to adjectives (way of creating adjectives we already know about)
add 는 to verbs
e.g. 저는 빨리 걷는 여자를 만났어요 = I met a girl who walks fast e.g. 저는 과학을 좋아하는 여자들을 좋아해요 = I like girls that like science e.g. 그 사람은 내가 가르치는 학생이다 = That person is a student that I teach (I teach that student) Past tense
add -ㄴ/은 to verbs
e.g. 엄마가 요리한 음식은 너무 맛있어요 = The food my mom cooked is delicious e.g. 내가 회사에 가지 않은 날에 병원에 갔어 = On the day I didn’t go to work, I went to the hospital Future tense (note link to future tense ㄹ/을 것이다)
add -ㄹ/을 to verbs
e.g. 제가 갈 곳은 제주도예요 = The place I will go is Jeju-do e.g. 제가 받을 점수는 중요해요 = The score I will receive is important Bringing it back to ~는 것 - changing any verb to a noun I want (apples) -> 저는 사과를 원해요 I want (my friend to bring apples) -> 저는 (my friend to bring apples)를 원해요 친구가 사과를 가져오는 것 = my friend to bring apples i.e. 저는 친구가 사과를 가져오는 것을 원해요= I want my friend to bring apples e.g. 저는 영화를 보는 것을 좋아해요 = I like watching movies
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Instead of the simple ~ㄴ/은 for past tense 는 것, can add in ~더~. it signifies that the speaker is recalling/remembering some fact from the past that was experienced. The speaker is explicitly expressing that this thought is coming from memory. In addition to having this “memory from experience” feeling, the use of ~던 in the construction indicates that an action occurred repeatedly in the past Can still add the ㄴ/은 after 더 to complete the past tense form, which means it's always ~던 Subtleties: 내가 입던 옷 vs 내가 사던 옷 You can wear clothes repeatedly, but not buy repeatedly - the latter would not be used It is also possible that this “repeated” action is still reoccurring into the present (or whatever current time is being described in the sentence). Unless otherwise specified in other parts of the sentence, this repeated action hasn’t been stopped and is still re-occurring. e.g. 내가 지금까지 입던 옷을 내일 버릴 거야 = Tomorrow, I am going to throw out the clothes that I have been wearing until now When talking about non-self: e.g. 이 빵은 슬기가 자주 먹던 빵이야 = This bread is bread that Seulgi eats often It is specifically “bread that I specifically rememberecall/experienced Seulgi eating often.” Can also add in ~았/었 e.g. 내가 입었던 옷 = The clothes I wore When ~았/었던 is added to a verb to describe an upcoming noun, the speaker is indicating that the action has completely finished and is not currently occurring. Summary (verbs): ~ㄴ/은: Attached to a verb to describe a noun where the action occurred sometime in the past. There is no additional meaning given to it. All we know is that at some point in the past, the action happened. ~던: Attached to a verb to describe a noun where the action is recalled to have occurred repeatedly in the past, and is continually repeating to the present (or to the time described in the sentence). ~았/었던: Attached to a verb to describe a noun where the action is recalled to have occurred in the past, but has finished occurring and currently does not occur. ~던, 았/었던 with adjectives With 는 것, there is was past and future tense. Can make past tense with this. i.e. 예뻤던 여자 = The girl who I recall being pretty, but is not pretty anymore ~던 can be added to adjectives in certain situations, but also risks sounding very unnatural e.g. 시끄러운 교실 = the noisy classroom 시끄러웠던 교실 = the classroom that I recall being noisy, but is not noisy anymore 시끄럽던 교실 = the classroom was loud up until the present, but it just stopped being loud Adding ~던 to 예쁘다 doesn't really make sense - typically getting ugly happens slowly over time
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Irregulars with 는 것 (see chapter 7 for earlier irregulars) In the present tense, only need to worry about is for stems ending in ㄹ - the ㄹ just gets completely removed e.g. 열다 -> 여는 것 In the past and future tenses have these 4: ㅅ - ㅅ gets removed when adding vowel e.g. 짓디 -> 지은 것, 지을 것 ㄷ - ㄷ changes to ㄹ when adding vowel e.g. 걷다 -> 걸은 것, 걸을 것 ㅂ - ㅂ changes to 우 when adding vowel e.g. 쉽다 -> 쉬운 것, 쉬울 것 ㄹ - when adding ~ㄴ/은 or ~ㄹ/을 to the stem of a verb or adjective where the stem ends in ㄹ, ~ㄴor ~ㄹ replaces the ㄹin the stem. e.g. 길다 -> 긴 것, 길 것 e.g. 열다 -> 연 것, 열 것 Favourite - "가장(/제일) 좋아하는 것" e.g. 제가 가장 좋아하는 것은 음식이에요 = My favorite thing is food e.g. 제가 가장 좋아하는 음식은 김치예요 = My favorite food is kimchi (Double 는 것): e.g. 내가 가장 좋아하는 것은 영화를 보는 것이다 = My favorite thing is watching movies Favourite thing about - attach ~에 있어서 to noun (literally "when it comes to...") e.g. 한국에 있어서 내가 가장 좋아하는 것은 한식이야 = My favorite thing about Korea is Korean food
In biology, to perform the act of conjugation; specifically, in botany, to unite and form a zygospore. United in pairs; joined together; coupled. In botany, applied to a pinnate leaf which has only one pair of leaflets. In chem ., containing two or more radicals acting the part of a single one. What is a Math Conjugate? A math conjugate is formed by changing the sign between two terms in a binomial. For instance, the conjugate of x + y is x - y. We can also say that x + y is a conjugate... Clearly, the word conjugate or conjugation is used for a myriad of different concepts across mathematics and even in science (see the Wikipedia page). Its meaning can range from the fraction used to The list of math symbols can be long. You can’t possibly learn all their meanings in one go, can you? You can make use of our tables to get a hold on all the important ones you’ll ever need. This is an introduction to the name of symbols, their use, and meaning.. The Mathematical symbol is used to denote a function or to signify the relationship between numbers and variables. Mathematics & Physics Any of a set of numbers that satisfy the same irreducible polynomial. 2. Chemistry A chemical compound that has been formed by the joining of two or more compounds. [Latin coniugāre, coniugāt-, to join together : com-, com- + iugāre, to join (from iugum, yoke; see yeug- in Indo-European roots ).] I know what a complex conjugate is, e.g. The complex number a + ib has the complex conjugate a -ib. Is the meaning of the -n subscript just referring to the symmetry of the function? So if I have four elements in a Fourier series: -n2, -n, n, and n2, the complex value of term -n2 has to equal the complex conjugate of n2? Thank you! Conjugate. The conjugate is where we change the sign in the middle of two terms like this: We only use it in expressions with two terms, called "binomials": example of a binomial. Here are some more examples: Particularly in the realm of complex numbers and irrational numbers, and more specifically when speaking of the roots of polynomials, a conjugate pair is a pair of numbers whose product is an expression of real integers and/or including variables. A complex number example: , a product of 13 An irrational example: , a product of 1. Or: , a product of -25. Often times, in solving for the roots ... Complex conjugate. In mathematics, the complex conjugate of a complex number is the number with an equal real part and an imaginary part equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. For example, (if a and b are real, then) the complex conjugate of a + b i {\displaystyle a+bi} is a − b i . {\displaystyle a-bi.} In Algebra, the conjugate is where you change the sign (+ to −, or − to +) in the middle of two terms. Examples: • from 3x + 1 to 3x − 1. • from 2z − 7 to 2z + 7. • from a − b to a + b. Conjugate.
An introduction to what a "conjugate" of an expression: Given the expression a + b, its conjugate is a - b, where a and b can themselves be more complicated... Conjugate of Matrix and it's Properties. To ask your doubts on this topic and much more, click here: http://www.techtud.com/video-lecture/lecture-conjugate-m... Thanks to all of you who support me on Patreon. You da real mvps! $1 per month helps!! :) https://www.patreon.com/patrickjmt !! The Conjugate Pair Theorem... Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUosUwOLsanIozMH9eh95pA/join Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www... https://sites.google.com/site/otjinenemath/These videos are intended to be used for anyone who wants, or needs to learn mathematics. These lessons will star... Thanks to all of you who support me on Patreon. You da real mvps! $1 per month helps!! :) https://www.patreon.com/patrickjmt !! Calculating a Limit by Mul... 👉 Learn how to divide rational expressions having square root binomials. To divide a rational expression having a binomial denominator with a square root ra... شرح دروس الماث للمراحل الابتدائيه والاعداديه واللغات بطرق تفاعليه جذابه مجانا
